Previous works have shown that the suction probe cannot be used to accurately measure the
upward and downward particle fluxes independently. A new method using a single optical
probe to measure the local solid flux is presented. The measurement of upward, downward and
net solid fluxes was carried out in a cold model circulating fluidized bed (CFB) unit. The
result shows that the profile of the net solid flux is in good agreement with the previous
experimental data measured with a suction probe. The comparison between the average solid
flux determined with the optical measuring system and the external solid flux was made, and
the maximum deviation turned out to be 22%, with the average error being about 6.9%. These
confirm that the optical fiber system can be successfully used to measure the upward,
downward and net solid fluxes simultaneously by correctly processing the sampling signals
obtained from the optical measuring system.

A good understanding of the detailed temperature distribution in the furnace plays an
important role in the implementation of operation optimization and design improvement of
ethylene pyrolyzer. Numerical simulation of the turbulent flow, combustion and heat
transfer was carried out to investigate the temperature distribution in industrial furnace.
Inhomogeneities of the flue-gas temperature distribution were observed in X, Y, and Z
direction of the furnace from the simulated results. Along the height of the furnace, the
average flue-gas temperature increased initially and decreased afterward, and reached its
peak at the height of 5 m. The reactor tube skin temperature varied not only along the
height of the furnace, but also around the circumference of the tube. The heat flux
profiles from the furnace towards the reactor tubes followed the shape of the average flue
-gas temperature profile. The heat flux of the inlet tubes was constantly higher than that
of the outlet tubes at the same height in the furnace.

In the commercial utilization of rigid ceramic filters, the performance of pulse cleaning
has crucial effects on the long-term stable operation. In order to get a clear insight into
the nature of this cleaning process and provide a solid basis for industrial applications,
the flow in ceramic candle filter was investigated. The flow in the pulse-jet space and
inside the ceramic candle is regarded as two- dimensional, unsteady, compressible flow, and
numerical simulation is carried out by computational fluid dynamics. The numerical
predictions of flow field are in good agreement with the experimental measurements. Effects
of the candle diameter, the separation distance between the nozzle and the candle injector
and the length of the candle on the flowfield have been numerically analyzed to provide the
basis for the optimum design of the pulse cleaning system.

The precessing vortex core (PVC) in a cyclone separator plays an important role in the
separation performance and in further understanding of the general law of periodic unsteady
flow therein. In this paper, theunsteady flow field is investigated with particle image
velocimetry (PIV), and the instantaneous velocity, vorticity,tangential velocity, and
radial velocity are acquired by analyzing the images of instantaneous flow. It is for the
first time reported that there is a centrifugal flow region close to the dust discharge
zone and its maximum value is higher than the mean radial velocity. This discovery is very
important for understanding the principle of separation of particles in the area of dust
discharge. Determination of the frequency and amplitude of PVC was conducted in the region
where the phenomenon of PVC is remarkable. Results agree well with those obtained by hot
wire anemometry. The observations of the center of vortex core and the bimodal distribution
of the amplitude of the PVC indicate the vortex core precesses around the geometric axis of
the cyclone in its own way.

This paper studies the influence of feed injection on the hydrodynamic behavior of fluid
catalytic cracking riser reactors. Experiments were conducted in a cold model of 186 mm ID
with two oppositely inclined secondary air feed nozzles. The flow structure was determined
by means of the axial static pressure measurements and local radial optic fiber probe
measurements on different levels with emphasis on the sections downstream of the secondary
injection. The measurements reveal that the secondary injection plays a crucial role on
riser hydrodynamics. Just above the secondary injection, the flow and mixing are strongly
affected, while below the secondary injection the effect is weak. The radial profile just
downstream of secondary injection demonstrates wavy features. The effective region of
secondary injection could be estimated by the axial pressure gradient profiles and/or the
radial profiles of local solids velocity and density.

On the basis of hydrodynamic and scaling-up studies, a pilot-plant-scale thermal spouted
bed reactor (50 mm in ID and 1500 mm in height) was designed and fabricated by scaling-down
cold simulators. It was tested for making syngas via catalytic partial oxidation (CPO) of
methane by air. The effects of various operating conditions such as operating pressure and
temperature, feed composition, and gas fiowrate etc. on the CPO process were investigated.
CH4 conversion of 92.2% and selectivity of 92.3% and 83.3% to CO and H2, respectively, were
achieved at the pressure of 2.1 MPa. It was found that when the spouted bed reactor was
operated within the stable spouting flow regime, the temperature profiles along the bed
axis were much more uniform than those operated within the fixed-bed regime. The CH4
conversion and syngas selectivity were found to be close to thermodynamic equilibrium
limits. The results of the present investigation showed that spouted bed could be
considered as a potential type of chemical reactor for the CPO process of methane.

In this paper, selective oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride (MA) and partial
oxidation of methane to synthesis gas with lattice oxygen instead of molecular oxygen are
investigated. For the oxidation of butane to MA in the absence of molecular oxygen, the Ce
-Fe promoted VPO catalyst has more available lattice oxygen and provides higher conversion
and selectivity than that of the unpromoted one. It is supposed that the introduction of
Ce-Fe complex oxides improves redox performance of VPO catalyst and increases the activity
of lattice oxygen.For partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas over LaFeO3 and
La0.8Sr0.2FeO3 oxides, the reaction with flow switched between 11% O2-Ar and 11% CH4-He at
900℃ was carried out. The results show that methane can be oxidized to CO and H2 with
selectivity over 93% by the lattice oxygen of the catalyst in an appropriate reaction
condition, while the lost lattice oxygen can be supplemented by air re-oxidation. It is
viable for the lattice oxygen of the LaFeO3 and La0.8Sr0.2FeO3 catalyst instead of
molecular oxygen to react with methane to synthesis gas in the redox mode.

A novel technology of preparing zeolites based on solid-solid mass transformation mechanism
is developed for the first time. By employing this technology, three different types of
highly crystallized pentasil zeolites,ZSM-35 (FER-type), Silicalite-1(MFI-type) and
Mordenite(MOR-type), are successfully synthesized in the solid system. In terms of
commercial production, the technology·could simplify synthesis procedure and make the
continuous production of zeolites possible, so as to improve the productivity.
Additionally, it is environmentally friendly because the crystallization occurs in solid
phase where there exists no pollution caused by waste liquid. Therefore, this technique
provides us with a new industrial process for the clean and continuous production of
zeolites.The characteristics in synthesis chemistry and the crystallization mechanism
involved in the technology are also discussed.

Zn, La, Zr, Sn and Ti loaded molecular sieves were prepared by impregnation method.
Conversions of benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene over the metal oxides modified ultra
stable zeolite Y(USY), ZSM-5, β and MSU-2 molecular sieve catalysts were investigated by
means of micro-activity test (MAT) experiments. The results showed that Zn and La loaded
catalysts were better than the other metals, and ZSM-5 with lower SiO2/Al2O3 mole ratio
showed better results than those with higher SiO2/Al2O3 as far as desulfurization reaction
is considered. A comparison of the desulfurization activities of the La/Zn-USY catalyst
with USY catalyst indicated that the bimetal loaded USY catalyst gave good products
selectivity when sulfur containing heavy oil was used as the feedstock. The sulfur content
in gasoline fraction was decreased by 25%, and there was no loss in the Research Octane
Number.

TiO₂ and TiO₂-SiO₂ photocatalysts were prepared by sol-gel and supercritical CO₂ fluid
drying method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron
microscope (TEM), etc. Their catalytic properties were tested through the photocatalytic
degradation of phenol and aniline in wastewater. The results show that the developed
fluidized photocatalytic reactor (FPR) and TiO₂ catalyst had better performance in
degrading pollutants as compared with slurry photocatalytic reactor (SPR) and commercial
TiO₂ catalyst. The composition and crystal form of TiO₂-SiO₂ composite oxide had obvious
influence on catalytic effect and TiO₂-SiO₂ photocatalysts showed better catalytic activity
and stability.

The physicochemical features of phosphorus-modified ZSM-5 zeolites (SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio
is 25)were characterized by XRD(X-ray diffraction), BET(Brunauer, Emmett and Teller spcific
surface area measurement), NH3-TPD(ammonia temperature-programmed desorption) and MASNMR
(magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance), and the performance on catalytic
pyrolysis to produce ethylene was investigated with a light hydrocarbon fixed bed micro-
reactor with n-octane as feed. The results show that the acid site density, acid intensity
and hydrothermal stability of ZSM-5 zeolite were improved by phosphorus modification. When
P2O5 content in ZSM-5 zeolite is higher than 2.5%, phosphorus modification can prevent ZSM
-5 zeolite crystal structure transformation from orthorhombic to monoclinic. In addition,
the dealumination of ZSM-5 zeolite framework was moderated by phosphorus modification under
high temperature hydrothermal treatment. The results of n-octane pyrolysis on phosphorus-
modified ZSM-5 zeolites show that ethylene yields of zeolites with different phosphorus
content are almost the same under the same n-octane conversion. However, the modified
zeolites with higher pyrolysis activity give lower yield of propene, butene and total
olefin than lower pyrolysis activity under the same n-octane conversion.

The polymerization of styrene in the media of MCM-41 is carried out by means of host-guest
polymerization of styrene in MCM-41 mesoporoas material with the aim to investigate the
effects of interface and confinement of MCM-41 on host-guest interactions. Detailed
physical properties of the mesoporous MCM-41 material containing polystyrene is
characterized by XRD(X-ray diffraction), FT-IR(Fourier transform infrared), TGA(thermal
gravimetric analysis), and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. We also find a great
increase in the glass transition temperature of guest polystyrene influenced by the
confined geometry of the host by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).

The vacuum residual from Iranian Light crude oil are separated into a series of 16 narrow
fractions according to the molecular weight by the supercritical fluid extraction and
fractional(SFEF)technologY.The chemical element and the UV spectrum of each fraction are
analyzed.The efiects of severalfactors on the interfacial tension are investigated,which
are the fraction concentration in oil phase,the ratio of oil component,the salts dissolved
in the water phase and the pH valne.The interfacial tension decreazes rapidly as the
concentration of the residual fraction in the oil increases,showing a higher interfacial
activity ofthe fraction.The interfacial tension changes,as the amount of absorption or the
state ofthe fractions in the interface changes resulting from difierent ratios of
oil,difierent kinds or concentratiohs of salts in water,and difierent pH values.It is
concluded that the interfacial tension changes regularly,corresponding to the regular
molecular parameters of the vacuum residual fractions.

Linked polymer solution (LPS) is defined as the solution of linked polymer coils (LPCs)
dispersed in water, composed of low concentration partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide
(HPAM) and aluminum citrate (crosslinker). In the work, the conformational changes of LPCs
under different conditions were investigated by the methods of membrane filtering under low
pressure, dynamic light scattering and core flooding experiments. The results showed that
in some conditions the LPCs could be compressed mechanically to 1/158.5 of their original
volume because of relatively lower HPAM cross-linking. The hydration property of LPCs was
similar to that of normal polymer coils. The deformation of LPCs was more restricted than
that of ordinary polymer coils under the flow shear stress or the shift of hydration
equilibrium caused in the variation of the electrolyte concentration which is responsible
for the effective plugging in the throats of porous media when LPCs are used for deep
diverting.

A continuous three-stage supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) process with a capacity of
1.0 kg·h-1 was setup to extract petroleum residue by pentane to obtain more oil for
further upgrading. A discharging system integrated to the bottom of the extractor was used
to recover solvent as gas while asphalt was obtained as fine particles. The influence of
operating conditions on the yield and quality of extracts, i.e., deasphalted oil (DAO) and
resin, was studied in the range of temperature 150-220℃, pressure of 4.0-6.0 MPa and the
mass ratio of solvent to oil feed (S/O) 2.5-5.0. The particle size distribution, apparent
forms and the packing density, which vary with operating pressure, were measured. The
particle structures were observed by SEM as well. With the modification to conventional
processes, furnace can be eliminated for solvent recovery from asphalt phase, so as to
reduce energy consumption.

The destruction of hydrocarbon in deep carbonate diagenetic environment is one of problems
on the formation of oil and gas. Organic-inorganic reactions in the process of TSR
(Thermochemical Sulfate Rednction) are the main reason to make disappearance of the
hydrocarbons. The work in this field has often been the subject of much research work in
recent years. In this paper, the thermodynamics of CH4-CaSO4 and H2S-Fe2O3 systems is
discussed to investigate the possibility of reactions. It is found that these two reactions
can proceed spontaneously.Increasing temperature is favorite for CH4-CaSO4 system but
disfavorite for H2S-Fe2O3 system. Thermal simulation experiments were carried out using
autoclave at high temperature and high pressure. The properties of the products were
characterized by microcoulometry, FT-IR and XRD methods. On the basis of the experimental
data, a reaction kinetic model is developed and kinetic parameters are determined.

In this paper, poly(butylene-terephthalate)-layered silicate of clay nanocomposites (NPBT)
are reported. Their thermal properties, heat distortion temperature (HDT) and
crystallization nucleation are investigated. NPBT samples have apparent viscosity over
0.85, HDT of 30℃ to 50℃ higher than that of poly (butyleneterephthalate) (PBT) for clay
load from 1.0% to 10.0% (by mass), and higher capability to accommodate clay than other
polymers. The nonisothermal crystallization experiments indicate that the better thermal
degradation behavior and crystallization rate of NPBT are 50% higher than PBT, and its
injection mould processing temperature is lowered from 110℃ to 55℃. NPBT samples are
characterized by several techniques. X-ray shows an original clay interlayer distance
enlarged from 1.0 nm to 2.5 nm, while both TEM and AFM indicate an average size from 30nm
to 100nm of exfoliated clay layers, and 3%(by mass) of particle agglomeration being phase
separated from PBT matrix, which are factors on some mechanical properties decrease of
NPBT. The disappearance of spherulitic morphology in NPBT resulted from layers nucleation
is detected. Improving NPBT properties by treating clay with long chain organic reagent and
controlling the way to load it is suggested.

Typical cationic and anionic surfactants were chosen and their interactions were calculated
by quantum ular pairs with fluocarbon and hydrocarbon chain: C4H10/C5H12, C4F10/C5H12, and
C4F10 /C5F12, respectively.When hydrophilic group with cationic and anionicions is
introduced, interaction energies are -287.40kJ.mol-1,-311.18 kJ.mol-1 and -345.83 kJ.mol-1.
The results show that there is strong static interaction between cationic and anionic
surfactants. It has been predicted that mixed monolayer may be formed and surface activity
is enhanced favorably, especially for mixtures of cationic and anionic surfactants with
fluocarbon and hydrocarbon chains. The anionic surfactants, sodium
octadecylbenzenesulfonate perfluopolyetherbenzenesulonate(ANF-Ⅰ) was synthesized, mixture
effects of ANF-Ⅰ with sodium octadecylbenzenesulfonate or dodecyldimethyl benzylammonium
bromide were studied. The results indicate that the efficiency of mixing increased and the
theoretical prediction was testified. These results can provide useful information for the
design of new surfactants.

A numerical investigation of the unsteady motion of a deformed drop released freely in
another quiescent liquid contaminated by surfactant is presented in this paper. The finite
difference method was used to solve numerically the coupled time-dependent Navier-Stokes
and convective-diffusion equations in a body-fitted orthogonal coordinate system. Numerical
simulation was conducted on the experimental cases, in which MIBK drops with the size
ranging from 1.24 mm to 1.97 mm rose and accelerated freely in pure water and in dilute
sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) aqueous solution. The applicability of the numerical scheme
was validated by the agreement between the simulation results and the experimental data.
Both the numerical and experimental results showed that the velocitytime profile exhibited
a maximum rising velocity for drops in SDS solutions, which was close to the terminal
velocity in pure water, before it dropped down to a steady-state value. The effect of the
sorption kinetics of surfactant on the accelerating motion was also evaluated. It is also
suggested that introduction of virtual mass force into the formulation improved obviously
the precision of numerical simulation of transient drop motion.

A novel reaction-drying process was carried out in a spouted bed reactor with inert
particles and used to prepare ultrafine CaCO3 particles. Effects of concentrations of CO2
and Ca(OH)2, and reaction temperature on Ca(OH)2 conversion were experimentally
investigated. The particle sizes and composition of CaCO3 produced were characterized with
transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicated
that ultrafine CaCO3 particles with mean size of 80 nm could be obtained with this novel
process.By modifying the Arrhenius Equation and considering the Ca(OH)2 state, a kinetic
model was established to describe the process in the spouted bed. The model parameters
estimated from the reaction-drying experiments were found to fit well the experimental
data, indicating the applicability of the proposed kinetic model.

Micron-size superparamagnetic poly(styrene-divinylbenzene-glycidyl methacrylate) (PSt-DVB-
GMA)spheres were prepared via a modified suspension copolymerization method. Oleic acid
coated magnetite (Fe3O4)nanoparticles made by co-precipitation were first mixed with
monomers of St, DVB, GMA, and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) to form oil in water suspension with
the presence of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP-K30) as a stabilizer.Then the temperature of
mixture was increased at a controlled rate to obtain small and relatively uniform
droplets.Finally, the copolymerization reaction was initiated by the decomposition of BPO.
The morphology and properties of magnetic PSt-DVB-GMA microspheres were examined by SEM,
TEM, VSM, XRD and FT-IR. The magnetic microspheres obtained have very small size (about 4-7
μm) in diameter with narrow size distribution and superparamagnetic characteristics.
Powder X-ray diffraction measurements show the inverse cubic spinel structure for the
magnetite dispersed in polymer microspheres. FT-IR spectroscopy indicates extensive oxirane
groups existed on the surface of magnetic PSt-DVB-GMA microspheres.

In this paper, a generalized model of the reactive distillation processes was developed via
rate-based approach. The homotopy-continuation method was employed to solve the complicated
nonlinear model equations efficiently. The simulation on the reactive distillation
processes was carried out with the profiles of stage temperature,composition and flow rate
for both vapor and liquid phases obtained, Based on careful analysis of the simulation
results, the pitfalls in experimental design were detected. Finally, a software package for
the simulation of reactive distillation processes was developed.

Using fixed bed micro-reactor and cracking catalyst, re-cracking of fluid catalytic
cracking (FCC) gasoline at lower temperature than conventional cracking condition has been
studied. The results reveal that at lower temperature from 350℃-450℃ and catalyst to feed
ratio of 3, the olefin content is reduced from 49% to 27%(by mass) over the catalyst whose
micro-reacting activation index is 53, and the octane number is kept on high level.

Using the JQ-Ⅱ high pressure hydrogenation micro-reactor unit, the reactivity of Athabasca
bitumen derived heavy gas oil was studied over commercial and homemade hydrotreating
catalysts. The effects of catalyst preparation variables and the influences of operation
conditions, such as pressure, temperature, hydrogen/oil ratio and space velocity were also
examined. It was shown that the optimal concentrations of the active components were 5% of
NiO, 20% of MoO3 and 3.5% of phosphorus (by mass), and the suitable operation conditions
were determined experimentally.

Toluene insoluble matter (TIM) in coker heavy gas oil (CHGO) from oil sands bitumen is
harmful to the downstream hydrotreating, and it may be difficult to be removed by
conventional filtration. In order to determine its origin, the TIM must first be separated
from CHGO for characterization. Two techniques are described to accomplish this goal. In
the ultra-centrifugation approach used in this work, CHGO is blended with a miscible liquid
and centrifuged under 366000 G (gravity) force. Through this procedure toluene and hexane
diluents yielded TIM contents of 24μg.g-1 and 88μg.g-1 respectively. In an alternative
simplified procedure, the initial ultracentrifugation step is omitted. Several different
solvents are evaluated for use as diluents but, in each case, toluene is still used in the
subsequent washing steps. TIM contents determined by this method range from 23 to about
Other conditions, such as diluent-oil ratio, water-oil ratio, mixing time, temperature and
water pH value, are also studied.

A method for preparation of particle crystal film constructed from monodisperse silica
colloidal particles in diameter of about 300 nm is reported. The films were prepared from
an ethanol suspension by vertical deposition that relies on capillary forces to assemble
colloidal crystal particles on a vertical substrate. The 3D ordered films were
characterized by transmission spectra and scanning electric microscope (SEM). The effect of
evaporation temperature, particle concentration and sintered temperature on the quality of
colloidal particle crystal film was investigated.