In this paper, a simple preparative method for isolation and purification of ginkgolides A
and B was developed. As starting material, a commercially available standardized ginkgo
extract (EGb761, containing 24% flavonoid and 6% terpene trilactones) was used. After a
pretreatment step, optimized by the uniform design method, the concentrated intermediate
extract with high content of GA and GB (+90%) was separated into the individual terpenes by
preparative liquid chromatography eluted with petroleum ether-ethylacetate. Analysis of
products was carried out by means of HPLC-ELSD (evaporative light-scattering detector). The
results show that ginkgolides A and B are obtained in higher yield and better purity.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a kind of fatty acid with physiological activities and
potential application prospect. A synthesis method of conjugated linoleic acid and a
purification technology were studied. CLA was prepared and purified by urea-complexation
and conjugation using safflower oil as raw material. The purity of CLA and total recovery
of the product was more than 95% and 48%, respectively. The main isomers produced in
alkali-catalyzed conjugation were identified by gas chromatography (GC) linked to mass
spectrometry (MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The total amount of
the two main isomers (9cis, 11trans-and 10trans, 12cis-CLA) determined by GC was more than
90% of the product.

Asymmetric synthesis of (-)-1-trimethylsilyl-ethanol with immobilized Saccharomyces
cerevisiae cells in water/organic solvent biphasic system was studied. The effects of shake
speed, hydrophobicity of organic solvent,volume ratio of water phase to organic phase, pH
value of aqueous phase and reaction temperature on the initial reaction rate, maximum yield
and enantiomeric excess (ee) of the product were systematically explored. All the above-
mentioned factors had significant influence on the reaction. n-Hexane was found to be the
best organic solvent for the reaction. The optimum shake speed, volume ratio of water phase
to organic phase, pH value and reaction temperature were 150 r.min- 1, 1/2, 8 and 30℃
respectively, under which the maximum yield and enantiomeric excess of the product were as
high as 96.8% and 95.7%, which are 15% and 16% higher than those of the corresponding
reaction performed in aqueous phase. To our best knowledge, this is the most satisfactory
result obtained.

Expanded bed adsorption (EBA) has been widely used in industrial downstream bioprocessing.
Solid matrix is the principal pillar supporting the successful application of EBA. A novel
spherical cellulose-titanium dioxide composite matrix was prepared through the method of
water-in-oil suspension thermal regeneration. Its typical physical properties were wet
density 1.18g.cm-3, diameters in the range of 100-300μm, porosity 85.5%,and water content
72.3%. Expansion characteristics and liquid mixing performance of the matrix in expanded
bed were investigated using water and 10% (by mass) glycerol solution as mobile phases. The
results indicate that the custom-assembled matrix has a stable flow hydrodynamics and
exhibits the same degree of liquid-phase mixing or column efficiency as the commercially
available Streamline adsorbent.

A complex process of micro electrolysis and biofilm was developed to continuously treat
organic wastewaters containing heavy metal ions such as Cu2+ and Cr3+, and the relevant
purifying mechanism was also addressed. In detail, organic materials in wastewater could be
consumed as nutritious source by biofilm composed of aerobes and anaerobes. However, for
heavy metal ions (Cu2+, Cr3+), part was removed by electrodeposition, and some was adsorbed
on biofilm. In order to compare with the combined process of micro electrolysis and
biofilm, the experimental data of micro electrolysis process (intermittent) or biofilm
process (continuous) were provided, and the kinetic data of C6H12O6 (glucose)
biodegradation by cultured microbes or acclimated microbes were also obtained. These
experimental results indicated that for wastewater initially consisted of C6H12O6 (500mg.
L-1), Cu2+ and Cr3+ (10mg. L-1), after treatment, its concentrations of C6H12O6, Cu2+ and
Cr3+ were lowered to the level of 55-65 mg.L-1, and less than 1 mg.L-1, respectively. And
the industrial reused water standards could be met by treated wastewater.

Based on the theory of substrate permeation through the cytoplasmic membrane, and
considering the effect of initial concentration of substrate, a new kinetic model of phenol
degradation process was proposed. Comparing with the widely used Haldane model, which is
greatly dependent on the initial phenol concentration, our model can be used to simulate
the phenol degradation process in a wide range of initial phenol concentration by using
only one set of model parameters. Therefore, this new kinetic model has much more potential
applications to industrial design and operation.

Several pervaporation membranes, cellulose acetate (CA), polyvinylbutyral (PVB), poly(MMA-
co-AA),MMA-AA-BA, CA/PVB blend and CA/poly(MMA-co-AA) blend, were prepared, and their
pervaporation properties were evaluated by separation of methanol/C5 or methanol/MTBE
(methyl tert-butyl ether). The results shows that the CA composite membrane has a high
separation performance (flux Jmethanol = 350 g.m-2.h-1 and separation factor α＞400) for
methanol/C5 mixtures, and the pervaporation characteristics of MMA-AA-BA copolymer
membranes changes with the ratio of copolymer. For CA/poly(MMA-co-AA) blend membrane, the
pervaporation performance is improved in comparison with CA or poly(MMA-co-AA) membrane.
From the experiment of CA/PVB blend membranes for methanol/MTBE mixture, it is found that
the compatibility of blends may affect the separation features of blend membrane.

A new correlation for the prediction of gas hold up in bubble columns was proposed based on
an extensive experimental database set up from the literature published over last 30 years.
The updated estimation method relying on artificial neural network, dimensional analysis
and phenomenological approaches was used and the model prediction agreed with the
experimental data with average relative error less than 10%.

Kinetics of copolymerization of acrylonitrile(AN) with N-vinylpyrrolidone(NVP) initiated by
azodiisobutyronitrile(AIBN) was investigated in H2O/dimethyl sulphoxide(DMSO) mixture
between 50℃ and 70℃ under N2 atmosphere. The rate of copolymerization and particle size
were measured respectively. The kinetic equation 0.651±0.123 1.59±0.35 1.17±0.14of
copolymerization system is obtained as Rp ∝ cAIBN cAN cNVP at 60℃. The overall activation
energy for copolymerization system was computed as 87.3 kJ.mol-1. Effect of additives of
hydroquinone and dioxane on copolymerization was discussed. The polymerization is retarded
by hydroquinone and accelerated by dioxane, which confirms the free radical
copolymerization of AN with NVP.

This paper presents the results of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation on the rutile
titanium dioxide and potassium hexatitanate (K2O.6TiO2 or K2Ti6O13) crystal. The
interaction of atoms is described by two-body central force interatomic potential, which
includes Coulombic term, Gilbert-type repulsion term, van der Waals term and Morse-type
potential. The optimized crystal structure of rutile TiO2 is in very good agreement with
the experimental data in the literature. The present MD simulation also gives several
physical properties, including volume thermal expansivity and elastic bulk modulus.

Experimental densities, viscosities and heat capacities at different temperatures were
presented over the entire mole fraction range for the binary mixture of 1,2-propanediol and
water. Density values were used in the determination of excess molar volumes, VE. At the
same time, the excess viscosity was investigated. The values of VE and ηE were fitted to
the Redlich-Kister equation. Good agreement was observed. The excess volumes are negative
over the entire range of composition. They show an U-shaped-concentration dependence and
decrease in absolute values with increase of temperature. Values of ηE are negative over
the entire range of the composition, and has a trend very similar to that of VE . The
analysis shows that at any temperature the specific heat of mixture is a linear function of
the composition as x1＞20%. All the extended lines intersect at one point. An empirical
equation is obtained to calculate the specific heat to mixture at any composition and
temperature in the experimental range.

The high-pressure phase behavior of coating-solvent-supercritical or sub-critical carbon
dioxide system was investigated experimentally. The coating matrix used was 108-acrylic
resin at concentration ranging from 10% to 50% (by mass) in mixtures with n-butyl acetate.
The experiments were conducted in a high-pressure view cell for temperatures from 35℃ to
65℃ and for pressures from 3.0 MPa to 8.0 MPa. The effect of temperature, pressure and
content of every component on the phase behavior of the systems was observed. Finally, the
ternary phase diagram for resin-solvent-CO2 was plotted.

Viscosities and densities at several temperatures from 293.15 K to 313.15 K are reported
for L-ascorbic acid in aqueous glucose and sucrose solutions at different concentrations.
The parameters of density, viscosity coefficient B and partial molar volume are calculated
by regression. The experimental results show that densities and viscosities decrease as
temperature increases at the same solute and solvent (glucose and sucrose aqueous solution)
concentrations, and increase with concentration of glucose and sucrose at the same solute
concentration and temperature. B increases with concentration of glucose and sucrose and
temperature. L-ascorbic acid is structure-breaker or structure-making for the glucose and
sucrose aqueous solutions. Furthermore, the solute-solvent interactions in ternary systems
of water-glucose-electrolyte and water-sucrose-electrolyte are discussed.

Multivariate statistical process monitoring and control (MSPM&C) methods for chemical
process monitoring with statistical projection techniques such as principal component
analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) are surveyed in this paper. The four-step
procedure of performing MSPM&C for chemical process, modeling of processes, detecting
abnormal events or faults, identifying the variable(s) responsible for the faults and
diagnosing the source cause for the abnormal behavior, is analyzed. Several main research
directions of MSPM&C reported in the literature are discussed, such as multi-way principal
component analysis (MPCA) for batch process, statistical monitoring and control for
nonlinear process, dynamic PCA and dynamic PLS, and on-line quality control by inferential
models. Industrial applications of MSPM&C to several typical chemical processes, such as
chemical reactor, distillation column, polymerization process, petroleum refinery units,
are summarized. Finally, some concluding remarks and future considerations are made.

Gas holdups in ambient gassed and hot sparged systems with multiple modern impellers and
the effect of temperature on gas holdup are reported. The operating temperature has a great
impact on gas holdup though the gas dispersion regime in the hot sparged system is similar
to the ambient gassed condition. The gas holdup under the elevated temperature and the
ambient gassed operation is successfully correlated. With the same total gas flow rate and
power input, the gas holdup in the hot sparged system (say near the boiling point) is only
about half of that in the ambient system. The results imply that almost all existing hot
sparged reactors have been designed on the basis of incorrect estimates of the gas holdup
during operation.

The molecular dynamics (MD) was employed to simulate the diffusion coefficient of sodium
chloride at infinite dilution in supercritical water from 703.2 K to 763.2 K and from 30
MPa to 45 MPa. Based on the simulated data and the Patel-Teja(PT) equation of state and the
Liu-Ruckenstein equation, an equation for calculating the diffusion coefficient of NaCl at
infinite dilution in supercritical water is proposed. Both the agreement between the
simulated and correlated data, and that between the simulated and predicted data of
diffusion coefficients for NaCl in supercritical water ranging from 703.2 K to 803.2 K and
from 25 MPa to 50 MPa show that this equation is applicable for the calculation of
diffusion coefficients.

Vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) for a ternary system of methyldichlorosilane +
methylvinyldichlorosi-lane + toluene and constituent binary systems were measured at
101.3kPa using a new type of magnetical pump-ebulliometer. The equilibrium compositions of
the vapor phase of binary systems were calculated indirectly fromthe total pressure-
temperature-liquid composition (pTx). The experimental data were correlated with the
Wilsonand NRTL(non-random two liquid) equations. The parameters of the Wilson model were
employed to predict theternary VLE data. The calculated boiling points were in good
agreement with the experimental ones.

The stability of Candida rugosa lipase coated with glutamic acid didodecyl ester ribitol
amide was investigated taking esterification of lauryl alcohol and lauric acid in isooctane
as a model reaction. At 30℃, the half-life of the activity of the coated lipase was ca 10
h, the enzyme activity became less changed after 12 h and the residual activity was 39% of
the initial value. The coated lipase obeyed a first-order deactivation model with a
deactivation energy of 29.9 J.mol-1.

The feeding method of propionic acid for production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydro
xyvalerate) [P(3HB-co-3HV)] by fed-batch culture of Ralstonia eutropha was optimized to
achieve high cell density and high 3HV yield. Effects of different feeding strategies of
propionic acid on the production of P(3HB-co-3HV) were investigated. A decline of specific
synthesis rate of copolymer and the yield of 3HV unit from propionic acid were observed due
to the propionic acid accumulation in culture broth when the feeding solution with high
P/G(propionic acid to glucose) ratio was employed. It was further confirmed by controlling
propionic acid concentration at a low level in the separate feeding of propionic acid. An
optimal feeding strategy was demonstrated to reduce the propionic acid accumulation. The
cell concentration, P(3HB-co-3HV) productivity and 3HV unit fraction reached to 163.9 kg.m
-3,1.8 kg.m-3.h-1, and 10.6%(by mass), respectively, resulting in a yield of 0.33 g HV per
g propionic acid.

The production of paclitaxel from suspension culture of Taxus chinensis var. maireiwas
improved by in situ extraction with organic solvents to avoid feedback repression and
product degradation. Oleic acid and dibutyl phthalate were proved to be suitable solvents.
The optimal volumetric percentage of organic solvents in the culture medium was found to be
around 8%, and the favorable time for their introduction was at the exponential phase of
cell growth. Paclitaxel production with the in situ extraction was ca 3-fold of that
without extraction.

Based on the method of molecular thermodynamics, the mass transfer mechanism at gas-liquid
interface is studied theoretically, and a new mathematical model is proposed. Using laser
holographic interference technique, the hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics of
CO2 absorption are measured. It is shown that the calculated results are in good agreement
with the experimental data.

Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) for active ingredients in Ciwujia was studied by using
ethanol as the extractant. Comparing MAE with conventional methods, the former can save the
extracting time and increase the content of the active ingredients in product. As to the
operation in MAE, the continuous radiation process is more convenient for the extraction
for traditional Chinese medicine than the intermittent radiation process. Optimized by
uniform design, MAE was proved to be an effective and novel process for extracting active
ingredients in Ciwujia. The optimized MAE conditions are as follows: the microwave power is
510 W, the radiation time 30 min, the alcohol concentration at 80%, the ratio of solvent to
solid material being 5:1, the soaking time 0.5h, and the herbal particle size is (520 ±
19)μm.

A non-linear non-ideal model, taking into account non-linear competitive isotherms, axial
dispersion, film mass transfer, intraparticle diffusion, and port periodic switching, was
developed to simulate the dynamics of simulated moving bed chromatography (SMBC). The model
equations were solved by a new efficient numerical technique of orthogonal collocation on
finite elements with periodical movement of concentration vector. The simulated SMBC
performance is in accordance with the experimental results reported in the literature for
separation of 1,1’-bi-2-naphthol enantiomers using SMBC. This model is useful for design,
operation, optimization and scale-up of non-linear SMBC for chiral separations with
significant non-ideal effects, especially for high solute concentration and small
intraparticle diffusion coefficient or large chiral stationary phase particle.

The objective of this study was to establish the thermal characteristics of the lauric acid
(95% purity) as a latent heat storage material filled in the annulus of vertical concentric
double pipe during its melting process. The temperature data were used to determine the
thermal characteristics, including the temporal temperature variations and the effects of
the mass flow rate and the inlet temperature of the heat transfer fluid on the heat
transfer coefficient and the heat charging fraction during the melting process. The results
indicated that the time to reach to heat charging fraction of 1.0 could be altered by
changing the mass flow rate and the inlet temperature of the heat transfer fluid.