Kinetic models for the rate constants of vinyl chloride polymerization in the presence of
initiator mixtures were proposed. They may be used to design the initiator recipes for the
vinyl chloride polymerization with uniform rate at different temperatures at which various
grades of poly(vinyl chloride) will be prepared.

The newly developed green leaching processes for chromium, lead and gold
extraction from ores or concentrates are described. The chromium is extracted from the iron
chromite ore with fused sodium hydroxide at 500－550°C as sodium chromate. The galena in
lead sulfide concentrate is converted into lead carbonate in ammonium or sodium carbonate
solution at 50－80°C followed by the separation of lead carbonate formed from the
unconverted sulfide ores by flotation. Gold associated with sulfide ore (such as pyrite and
chalcopyrite) can be extracted into sodium thiosulfate solution without any pretreatment
such as roasting, high pressure aqueous oxidation or bacteria pre-leaching.

A model of evaluation and prediction of enhancement of boiling heat transfer with additives
has been propoeed according to fuzzy fundamentals. Correlative appraisement of boiling heat
transfer augmentation was done with the model based on 39 additives which were tested by
the authors and other researchers. The results show that the evaluation of 35 additives is
consistent with experiments, which means that the accuracy of the model is 89.7 percent. In
addition, the prediction of the ability of boiling heat transfer enhancement with sodium
oleate,polyethylene glycol and Tween-40 is also in good agreement with correspondent
experiments.

The plasma polymerization method and dynamic ion-beam mixed implantation method were
employed to coat ultra-thin polymer films on copper plates. Experiments indicated that
steady dropwise condensation of steam at atmospheric pressure occurred. The condensation
heat transfer coefficients increased by approximately 3 and 5－7 times for the
polytrimethylvinylsilane film and polytetrafluoroethylene film respectively, compared with
the value for film condensation under the same experimental conditions. The temperatures on
the condensing surface and inside the test block were found to be rapidly and randomly
fluctuated. The properties of the coated films and advantages of the methods used in this
investigation were discussed briefly.

A release model for diffusion-controlled monolithic matrix coated with outer membrane
system is proposed and solved by using the refined double integral method. The calculated
results are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental release data. The present model
can be well used to describe the release process for all cd/cs values. In addition, the
release effects of the monolithic matrix coated with outer membrane system are discussed
theoretically.

Inverted batch distillation colunm(stripper) is opposed to a conventional batch
distillation column(rectifier). It has a storage vessel at the top and products leave the
column at the bottom. The batch stripper is favourable to separate mixtures with a small
amount of light components by removing the heavy components as bottom products. In this
paper, we are presenting a shortcut procedure based on our earlier work for design and
simulation of the inverted batch distillation column, which is equivalent to the Fenske-
Underwood-Gilliland procedure for continuous distillation. Given a separation task, we
propose to compute the minimum number of stages(Nbmin)and the minimum reboil ratio(Rbmin)
required in a batch stripper,which are the stages and reboil ratio required in a
hypothetical inverted batch distillation colnmn operating in total reboil ratio or having
an infinite number of stages,respectively. Then, it is shown that the performance of
inverted batch columns with a finite number of stages and reboil ratios could be correlated
in Gilliland coordinates with the minimum stages Nbmin and the minimum reboil ratio Rbmin.

Both the grand canonical Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulation methods are used to
investigate the adsorption and diffusion of carbon dioxide confined in a 1.86 nm slit
carbon pore at 4 temperatures from subcritical (120 K) to supercritical (313 K) conditions.
Layering transition, capillary condensation and adsorption hysteresis are found at 120 K.
The microstructure of carbon dioxide fluid in the slit carbon pore is analyzed. The
diffusion coefficients of carbon dioxide parallel to the slit wall are significantly larger
than those normal to the slit wall.

Solubility of benzoic acid, terephthalic acid and 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid in
water, acetic acid, N,N-dimethyfformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulphoxide and
N-methyl-2-ketopyrrolidine were measured by dynamic method. The solubilities were
calculated by UNIFAC group contribution method, in which new groups, BCCOOH and NCCOOH,
were introduced to express the activity coefficients of aromatic acids and new interaction
parameters of the new groups were expressed as the function of temperature, which were
determined from the experimental data. The new interaction parameters provided good
calculated result. The experimental data were also correlated with Wilson and λ-h models,
and results were compared with present UNIFAC model.

A new equation for predicting surface tension is proposed based on the thermodynamic
definition of surface tension and the expression of the Gibbs free energy of the system.
Using the NRTL equation to represent the excess Gibbs free energy, a two-parameter surface
tension equation is derived. The feasibility of the new equation has been tested in terms
of 124 binary and 16 multicomponent systems(13-ternary and 3-quaternary) with absolute
relative deviations of 0.59% and 1.55% respectively. This model is also predictive for the
temperature dependence of surface tension of liquid mixtures. It is shown that, with good
accuracy, this equation is simple and reliable for practical use.

Dual-point composition control for a high-purity ideal heat integrated distillation column
(HIDiC) is addressed in this work. Three measures are suggested and combined for overcoming
process inherent nonlinearities:(1) variable scaling; (2) multi-model representation of
process dynamics and (3) feedforward compensation. These strategies can offer the developed
control systems with several distinct advantages: (1) capability of dealing with severe
disturbances; (2) tight tuning of controller parameters and (3) high robustness with
respect to variation of operating conditions. Simulation results demonstrate the
effectiveness of the proposed methodology.

The time-dependent liquid film thickness and pressure drop were measured by using parallel
-wire conductance probes and capacitance differential-preesure transducers. Applying the
eddy viscosity theory and an appropriate correlation of interfacial sear stress,a new two-
dimensional separated model of holdup and pressure drop of turbulent/turbulent gas-liquid
stratified flow was presented. Prediction results agreed well with experimental data.

Systematic experimental work was conducted to investigate the solid acceleration length in
a 16m long circulating fluidized bed riser with fluid cracking catalyst particles over a
wide range of operating conditions. A more feasible method is proposed to determine the
acceleration length from the measured axial profiles of pressure gradient (or apparent
solid holdup). With this new method and large amount of experimental data, a clear picture
on the variation of the acceleration length with both solid circulating rate and
superficial gas velocity is obtained.It is found that the acceleration length increases
generally with increasing solid flow rate and/or decreasing gas velocity. However, the
trend in variation of the acceleration length with operating conditions are quite different
in different operation ranges. Reasonable explanations are suggested for the observed
variation patterns of acceleration length.

The Metzner and Otto correlation is the single practical method for incorporating non-
Newtonian effects in the mixing process. In this article, the Metzner and Otto’ s idea, the
role of viscoelasticity on the Metzner and Otto coefficient, ks, effects of flow regime on
ks and the determination of ks for Rushton turbine impeller have been studied using the
direct method of the laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) velocity meusurement for the case of
viscoelastic liquids. The normalized mean tangential velocity profiles are independent of
Rushton turbine impeller speeds. Contrary to literature findings, it is shown that the
variation of local shear rate against the impeller speed is better correlated by the power
equation, i.e. = ks＇. Nb＇, in the transition region, i.e. ～ 30 ＜ Re <～ 2000.Also, a
correlation between improved coefficient, ks＇, and the elasticity number of viscoelastic
liquids is given which is very helpful in designing of the mixing of both viscoelastic and
inelastic non-Newtonian fluids through relating rheological properties to kinematical and
dynamical parameters of the mixing process.

A model for a bubble column slurry reactor is developed based on the experiment of
Rhenpreussen Koppers demonstration plant for slurry phase Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
reported by Koelble et al. This model is applicable to the operation in the churn-turbulent
regime and incorporates the information on the bubble size. The axial dispersion model is
adopted to describe the flow characteristics of the Fischer-Tropsch slurry reactor. With
the model developed, simulations are performed to identify the steady state behavior of a
Fischer-Tropsch slurry reactor of commercial size. Predictions of the two-bubble class
model is compared with that of the conventional single- bubble class model. The results
show that under a variety of conditions, the two-bubble class model gives results different
from those for the single-bubble class model.

Esterification of methyl alcohol with acetic acid catalysed by Amberlyst-15 (cation-
exchange resin) was carried out in a batch reactor in the temperature ranging between 318－
338 K, at atmospheric pressure. The reaction rate increased with increase in catalyst
concentration and reaction temperature, but decreased with an increase in water
concentration. Stirrer speed had virtually no effect on the rate under the experimental
conditions. The rate data were correlated with a second-order kinetic model based on
homogeneous reaction. The apparent activation energy was found to be 22.9kJ.mo1-1 for the
formation of methyl acetate. The methyl acetate production was carried out aa batch and
continuous in a packed bed restive distillation column with high purity methyl acetate
produced.

Acrylic acid was graft-copolymerized onto Rhi. oryzae’s cell wall structural polysacchaxide
directly and efficiently in aqueous solution with ceric ammonium nitrate as initiator. The
maximal grafting percentage of 135.5％ was obtained under the condition of [Ce4+]＝5mmol.L
-1, [AA]=1mol.L-1, T＝60°C and t＝3h. Graft copolymerization was suggested to proceed
through free radical reaction mechanism. Grafting occurred primarily on chitosan. Acrylic
acid was also attempted to be grafted onto Asp. niger cell wall structural polysaccharide,
and only 44.2％ of grafting percentage was resulted.

When species in the solution undergo multiple chemical reactions, the solution may be
treated as a solution of all species actually present or as a hypothetical solution
composed of elemental species. Based on the fundamental thermodynamic principle, the
relationships of mole numbers, molar fractions, thermodynamic properties, partial molar
properties, potential and fugacity between the hypothetical solution of elemental species
and the equilibrated solution of actual species were derived. The hypothetical elemental
solution provides a way of reducing the dimensionality of problem, simplifying the analysis
and visualizing the phase behavior.

Plasma was purified in an immobilized L-asparaginase column. The predicted results are in
good agreement with experimental data. It is indicated that the mathematical model is
suitable for the mass transfer and reaction of blood purification.

A mathematical method was proposed for the determination of absolute adsorption from
experimental isotherms. The method is based on the numerical equality of the absolute and
the excess adsorption when either the gas phase density or the amount adsorbed is not quite
considerable. The initial part of the experimental isotherms, which represents the absolute
adsorption, became linear with some mathematical manipulations. The linear isotherms were
reliably formulated. As consequence, either the volume or the density of the supercritical
adsorbate could be determined by a non-empirical way. This method was illustrated by the
adsorption data of supercritical hydrogen and methane on a superactivated carbon in large
ranges of temperature and pressure.

Flow patterns upstream and downstream of a sudden-contraction cross-section in a vertical
straight pipe were presented. By comparing with flow patterns in uniform croes-section
vertical tubes, the effect of the sudden change in pipe diameter on flow patterns was
analyzed. Flow pattern transition mechanisms were discussed and transition criteria for
flow pattern transitions were deduced accordingly using the dimensional analysis.