A statistical formalism overcoming some conceptual and practical difficulties arising in
existing two- phase flow (2PHF) mathematical modelling has been applied to propose a model
for dilute 2PHF turbulent flows. Phase interaction terms with a clear physical meaning
enter the equations and the formalism provides some guidelines for the avoidance of closure
assumptions or the rational approximation of these terms. Continuous phase averaged
continuity, momentum, turbulent kinetic energy and turbulence dissipation rate equations
have been rigorously and systematically obtained in a single step. These equations display
a structure similar to that for single-phase flows. It is also assumed that dispersed phase
dynamics is well described by a probability density function (pdf) equation and Eulerian
continuity, momentum and fluctuating kinetic energy equations for the dispersed phase are
deduced. An extension of the standard k-ε turbulence model for the continuous phase is
used. A gradient transport model is adopted for the dispersed phase fluctuating fluxes of
momentum and kinetic energy at the non-colliding, large inertia limit. This model is then
used to predict the behaviour of three axisymmetric turbulent jets of air laden with solid
particles varying in size and concentration. Qualitative and quantitative numerical
predictions compare reasonably well with the three different sets of experimental results,
studying the influence of particle size, loading ratio and flow confinement velocity.

The stretching and folding of fluid element during chaotic mixing field is studied using
numerical method. The chaotic mixing process is caused by periodic secondary flow in a
twisted curved pipe. Using the nonlinear discrete velocity field as the dynamical system,
the present study connects the fluid particle’s stretching along its trajectory in one
period to a linearized time-varying variational equation. After numerical approximation of
the variational equation, fluid stretching is calculated on the whole cross section. The
stretching distribution shows an exponential fluid stretching and folding, which indicates
an excellent mixing performance.

The mechanically stirred internal loop airlift reactors equipped with or without static
mixers are devised for intensification of gas-liquid mass transfer rate. The influences of
superficial gas velocity, agitation or static mixers on gas hold-up, mixing time, liquid
circulating velocity and volumetric mass transfer coefficient have been investigated with
tap water and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) aqueous solution. The experimental results
indicate that mechanical agitation is more efficacious than static mixer in highly viscous
media for improving mass transfer in airlift reactors. The empirical correlation of
volumetric mass transfer coefficient with apparent viscosity, and energy consumption for
mechanical agitation and aeration is developed.

The performance of analytical derivative and sparse matrix techniques applied to a
traditional dense sequential quadratic programming (SQP) is studied, and the strategy
utilizing those techniques is also presented. Computational results on two typical chemical
optimization problems demonstrate significant enhancement in effi ciency, which shows this
strategy is promising and suitable for large-scale process optimization problems.

Perovskite type SrCo0.4Fe0.6O3-δ(SCF) membrane and a novel perovskite-related ZrO2 doped
SrCo0.4Fe0.6O3-δ(SCFZ) membrane were successfully prepared by isostatic pressing. The
sintered membranes were characterized by high-temperature X-ray diffraction (HTXRD) and
energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The oxygen permeabilities of membranes have been
measured in the temperature range of 923 K to 1243 K. The oxygen permeation flux at 1123 K
and activation energy of SCFZ membrane with the thickness of 2 mm are respectively 2.68×
10-7 mol.cm-2.min-1 and 97.76 kJ.mol-1. The results of HTXRD in argon atmosphere and the
oxygen per meation experiment indicate that the SCFZ membrane is stable at elevated
temperature and low oxygen partial pressure.

Self-diffusion coefficients of exponential-six fluids are studied using equilibrium
molecular dynamics simulation technique. Mean-square displacements and velocity
autocorrelation functions are used to calculate self diffusion coefficients through
Einstein equation and Green-Kubo formula. It has been found that simulation results are in
good agreement with experimental data for liquid argon which is taken as exponential-six
fluid. The effects of density, temperature and steepness factor for repulsive part of
exponential-six potential on self-diffusion coefficients are also investigated. The
simulation results indicate that the self-diffusion coefficient of exponential-six fluid in
creases as temperature increases and density decreases. In addition, the larger self-
diffusion coefficients are obtained as the steepness factor increases at the same
temperature and density condition.

The influence of operation parameters on the adsorption performance of protein (bovin serum
albumin, BSA) in an expanded bed was studied using Streamline diethyl aminoethyl (DEAE).
The result of residence time distributions (RTD) and breakthrough curves showed that
adsorption performance of the expanded bed could not be improved by increasing the flow
velocity at the range from 16 ml·min-1 to 26 ml.min-1. The increase of protein
concentration from 0.5 mg·m1-1 to 2 mg.m1-1 resulted in poor adsorption performance. With
increasing temperature from 5℃ to 30℃ and the sedimented bed height from 11.5cm to
22.5cm, the adsorption characteristics in the expanded bed were improved.

Based on the Danckwerts surface renewal model, a simple explicit expression of the
enhancement factor in ozone absorption with a first order ozone self-decomposition and
parallel second order ozonation reactions has been derived. The results are compared with
our previous work based on the film theory. The 2,4-dichlorophenol destruction rate by
ozonation is predicted using the enhancement factor model in this paper.

The macroporous anion exchangers with long-chained cross-linking agents were investigated
for the tungsten recovery from salt solutions. The physical-chemical characteristics of
these sorbents were studied by means of sorption-desorption experiment aswell as electron
and IR-spectroscopy. The anion exchangers on the basis of macroporous copolymers of
methylacrylate and divinyl-ester of diethyleneglycol or tetravinyl-ester of pentaerythritol
possess the exchange capacity to tungsten 2-5 times greater than the porous anion
exchangers on the basis of styrene and divinylbenzene, therefore they can be used for
selective tungsten recovery from complex salt solutions.

The paper describes numerical and experimental study on reduction of NOx emissions in a 600
MW tangentially fired boiler furnace under different operating conditions. A simplified NOx
formation mechanism model, along with the gas-particle multiphase flow model, is adopted.
The prediction yields encouraging results as compared to experimental data.

An experimental apparatus was used to measure the solubility of ethyl nitrite in mixed
solvents under the lower pressure and higher temperature. The solubilities of ethyl nitrite
in mixed solvents of ethanol-water at 15℃-40℃ and ethanol-diethyl oxalate at 20℃-40℃
were determined. A Henry constant model has been improved, and the interaction parameters
have been fitted from experimental data. The calculation results have been compared with
experimental data; the results obtained are satisfactory.

A brief review of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis specially in slurry reactors is presented,
covering reaction kinetics, activity and selectivity of catalysts, product distribution,
effects of process parameters, mass transfer and solubility of gas. Some important aspects
of further research are proposed for improving both theories and production.

A multi-tube air-lift loop reactor (MT-ALR) is presented in this paper. Based on the energy
conserva tion, a mathematical model describing the liquid circulation flow rate was
developed, which was determined by gas velocity, the cross areas of riser and downcomer,
gas hold-up and the local frictional loss coefficient. The experimen tal data indicate that
either increase of gas flow rate or reduction of the downcomer diameter contributes to
higher liquid circulation rate. The correlation between total and the local frictional loss
coefficients was also established. Effects of gas flowrate in two risers and diameter of
downcomer on the liquid circulation rate were examined. The value of total frictional loss
coefficient was measured as a function of the cross area of downcomer and independent of
the gas flow rate. The calculated results of liquid circulation rates agreed well with the
experimental data with an average relative error of 9.6％.

The kinetics of ozonation reactions of trichloroethylene (TCE) and benzene in gas and
liquid phases at 101.3 kPa and 298 K was investigated in this paper. The ozonation of TCE
is first order with respect to the ozone con- centration and one and half order to TCE in
the gas phase with the average rate constant 57.30 (mol. L- 1)-1.5·s- 1, and the TCE
ozonation in aqueous medium is first order with respect to both ozone and trichloroethylene
with the average rate constant 6.30 (mol·L-1)-1.s-1. The ozonation of benzene in the gas
phase is first order in ozone but independent of the benzene concentration with the average
reaction rate constant 0.0011 s-1. The overall kinetics of reaction between ozone and
benzene in aqueous solution is found to be first order with one-half order in both ozone
and bezene, with the average reaction rate constant 2.67 s- 1. It is found that the
ozonation rate of pallutants is much quicker than that of self-decomposition of ozone in
both gas and aqueous phase.

A novel gravity blender with an inner downcomer was experimentally studied in this work.
The flow characteristics of solid through the downcomer with branch pipes and the influence
of the number of intake openings and their axial position along the downcomer on blending
efficiency were investigated. The results of tracer experi ments show that better blending
quality can be obtained if the intake openings along the downcomer are designated according
to the equal time interval principle. More intake openings are beneficial for blending
efficiency, and the solids flow rate through the branch pipes along the downcomer can be
predicted by the Beverloo equation.

The CO2 adsorption data may show more than one section in the Dubinin-Radushkevich-Kaganer
(DRK) plot if samples had been over-activated. Each section in the plot represents a range
of pore size. The whole DRK plot provided information on the pore size distribution(PSD) of
a sample, which may be used to monitor the effect of activation conditions in activation
processes.