Water soluble disperse dyes of either monoazo or anthraquinone types containing the carboxymethylsulfonylgroup(-SO_2CH_2COOH)were synthesized.Ammonium salts of this type of dyes are more soluble thanother salts.These dyes are suitable for pad dyeing or printing on polyester fiber and polyester/cottonblends in either weak acid,neutral or weak alkali medium without a dispersing agent.The formation of-SO_2CH_3 group from -SO_2CH_2COOH group after fixing on the fiber was proved.

The transfer of trivalent europium ion in a liquid surfactant membrane system is investigated in order toclarify the characteristics of liquid membrane separation process and the availability of this technique forrecovering trivalent lanthanides and actinides.A layered structure model for the emulsion globule is sug-gested.The equations describing the relationship among the effective membrane thickness,the time andother factors are derived and verified experimentally.Results show that under certain conditions the decreas-ing concentration of europium ion in the external phase is proportional to the square root of the time,the acidity of the internal phase and the carrier concentration in the membrane phase.The membrane phase consists of kerosene(solvent),Span-80(surfactant)and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoricacid(HDEHP,carrier).The internal phase is dilute nitric acid and the external phase is aqueous solu-tion containing Eu(NO_3)_3.The mass transfer rate of europium in this system is high and the recovery ofeuropium may be more than 99%.

The kinetics of ultrasonic degradation of aqueous solution of polyacrylamide(PAM)and poly(ethyleneoxide)(PEO)as well as ultrasonic block copolymerization of aqueous solution of the mixture of PAM/PEOwere studied respectively.The degradation reaction of PEO follows a linear relationship between(P_1-P_∞)~(-1)and irradiation time,while that of PAM follows a linear relationship between(P_1-P_∞)~(-1/2)and irradiation time.The structure of the copolymer was identified by IR,NMR and DTA,and the copolymer prepared is a blockone.The copolymer formed by irradiating 1% aqueous solution of PEO/PAM mixture(1:1)for a period of40min.at 18.2 kHz with a sonic intensity corresponding to 2.OA input current on the reversed main circuitamounts to 61.8%.

This investigation describes the one step preparation of potassium carbonate by electrolysis of potas-sium chloride solution in electrolyzers with various Nation membranes.Potassium bicarbonate solution wasfed to the cathode compartment,where it was converted into carbonate by reaction with the hydroxideformed at cathode.Because of the low OH~- concentration in the cathode compartment,the back migrationof OH~- through the membrane was almost negligible,resulting in a higher current efficiency,say 90% or more.In this study,electroconductivity,mass transfer,current efficiency and cell voltage were measured.Thefeasibility of the process was discussed and the optimal conditions examined.

The treatment of a multicomponent reversible reaction network is extremely complicated because largenumber of rate constants must be precisely determined and because the calculation based on these rateconstants is tedious.In order to reduce the degrees of freedom of the process,the authors propose a methodin which the reactor and the separator are regarded as a whole.Based on this approach,an N-componentreversible reaction system can be dealt with as a two—component system.Consequently,a simple and ac-cessible way of the apparent rate determination is suggested.For fiist-order reactions,an explicit,simplifiedexpression has been derived for both lumped and distributed parameter reaction systems.

A three-dimensional mathematical model,based on differential balances of mass and momentum,hasbeen developed to describe the two-phase flow of gas and liquid through the dropping zone of the blast fur-nace.Agreement between observed and calculated values verifies the validity of this model.On the basis of this model,various parameters for the surrounding of the dry zone of Blast FurnaceNo.I-BF of the Beijing Iron and Steel Company have been computed,from which a diagram for demar-cation of fluidization of coke and flooding of slag has been proposed.

The exergy losses and thermodynamic efficiency of MSF plant with brine recirculation are discussed bymeans of temperature difference functions proposed by the auther.In a MSF plant,the irreversible losses are found mainly in irreversible heat-transfer and flash evaporationprocesses.However,the basic variables are the temperature drop from stage to stage and the temperaturedifferences between flashed vapor and cooling water.In this paper,the flash temperature difference func-tion,the heat transfer temperature difference function and the total temperature difference function are sug-gested.The proposed temperature difference functions of MSF plant provide a convenient tool to analyse theirreversible behavior and evaluate the exergetic efficiency of this system,because without such improvement thecalculation of the exergetic efficiency of a MSF plant according to the classical formula will be not onlyinconvenient but also insignificant.As a result of present analysis,the reasonable parameters based on theenergy consumption are easily chosen.The above-mentioned principles are confirmed by commercial plants and a pilot plant in Tianjin.

High active catalyst systems for polymerization of butadiene may be obtained by combining MoCl,ORand proper aluminum alkyl.The conversion of 80% of butadiene can be achieved with 5x10~(-5) mole ofMoCl_4OC_H_(17)per mole of butadiene at 70℃in hydrogenated gasoline.The polydispersity of the polymersin the range of 1.5—2.0 is carried out with the temperature of polymerization at 30—70℃.For the purpose ofregulating molecular weight and chain structure of the polymers allyl halides is satisfactory,among othersallyl iodide is the best.With increase of amount of allyl iodide,the molecular wieght of the polymers de-crease,the 1,2-units increase and the regularity of chain structure of the polymers rises.Some of the physicalproperties of the polymers are as follows:the content of 1,2-units,88——97%;limiting viscosity number,1.8——6.2(in 30℃,toluene);glass temperature,-27——10℃:tensile yield strength,6.5——8.5(kg/cm~2);ultimate tensile strength,12——25(kg/cm~2)and elongation at break,1700—2900%.

Isotactic-and atactic-poly(N-propyl-2-vinylpyridinium bromide)QIP2VP and QAP2VP were used asflocculants for kaolin suspension.The effects of their molecular structure of floeculation were studied.Theresults are as follows:(1)The ability of flocculation of QAP2VP is better than that of QIP2VP.(2)The flocculating efficiency of QAP2VP,but not QIP2VP,increased as the molecular weight in-creased.(3)In the range of lower degree of quaternization,the efficiency of flocculation increased as thedegree of quaternization of flocculants decreased.(4)An abnormal phenomenon,which is considered as the“homocharge stabilization”,was discoveredat a certain concentration of flocculants.(5)An equation of the relationship among the experimental parametars,such as sedimentation rate,sedimentation volume and turbidity,was derived.

Shot and step response measurements were carried out with inert bed and adsorption bed both under iso-thermal conditions.Parameter values were determined from a time domain analysis of the measured inputand response signal.Sensitivity test in the parameter values showed that shot response measurements maygive more reliable parameter values than step measurements.Since Kubin[1]and Kucera[2]proposed a parameter estimation technique based on a moment methodfor adsorption system,attention has been focused on dynamic input-output measurements with variouspacked bed systems for the parameter estimation.The object of this work is to compare shot and step re-sponse measurements and see which measurement gives more reliable parameter values.

The principal assumptions about equivalence and energy distribution of the asdorption sites on solidsurfaces used by Langmuir for deriving the equation of monomolecular adsorption are generalized and anew physical adsorption model is proposed and tested with experimental data published in literature.Themodels of Langmuir,Freundlich,Temkin etc.are only the special cases.Assuming uniform density distributionof adsorption energy,the isotherm equation is given asn=K.1n[1+(b_op)~(1/M)or n=K.1n[1+(b_oC)~(1/M)]where n is the amount of adsorption per unit weight or area of solid p or C is tbe pressure of gas or the concen-tration of solution respectively.K,b_o,M are constants with physical meanings as described in this paper.This equation can be used over wide range to quantitatively represent the five types of physical adsorptionclassified by Brunauer.

In this paper we have systematically studied V-L equilibrium in ternary aqueous solutions containingvolatile electrolytes by introducing a ternary interaction term into Edwards generalized molecular thermody-namic model and optimizing several adjustable parameters.The program PARA9 with flexible functions ofdoing a series of calculations has been developed and carried out on a TQ-16 computer.It can be usedeither for directly calculating the V-L equilibrium or for optimizing the adjustable parameters.For the sys-toms(NH_3-CO_3-H_2O_3,NH_3-H_2S-H_2O and NH_3-SO_2-H_2O)satisfactory results have been obtained withrelative mean deviation of 5-10%.Besides,several sets of adjustable parameters and valuable information ofactivity coefficients,equilibrium concentrations of ions and molecules in solutions are obtained.

Isothermal effectiveness factors for slab,cylinder and sphere shaped catalysts with uniform or nonuni-form intrinsic activity profiles have been investigated.In the case of zero-,first- and second-order kinetics,the effectiveness factors of pellets with increasing activity towards the pellet surface are larger than that ofuniform active catalyst,and they are proportional to the square root of the activity at the pellet surfacewith significant diffusion effect.The effectiveness factor-Thiele modulus curves which are valid for bothuniform and nonuniform catalysts have been obtained with the Thiele modulus modified by equivalent thick-hess of effective layer of the catalyst.Thus,the effectiveness factor for nonuniform active catalyst could bepredicted with a maximun deviation of 5% in the case of significant or insignificant diffusion effect but 10%in general.

In this paper,the superposition rule of the residence time distribution functions for the general systemhaving multiple inlet and outlet streams has been described and proved rigorously.For the cascade ves-sels system where the processed material in separate stages may be nonideally mixed in various degrees andthe volumes of separate stages may not be equal,the overall residence time distribution function E(t)and eachE(t)of the flow systems have been derived.The applications of these results to various flow systems havebeen discussed.

The nonisothermal effectiveness fcator for reaction with kinetics r=kc~m/(l+Kc)~a can be improved bycatalysts with nonuniform activity distribution.The optimal distribution function in one-dimensional modelwith which the effectiveness factor can be maximized is a δ-function which means that the activity of thecatalyst should be concentrated on a layer with negligible thickness in a precise locationfrom the centerof pellets.The general equations for predicting the value ofand maximum effectiveness factor as a functionof thermodynamic,kinetic and transport parameters are derived and they can be given explicitly in the case ofa=O,m=a or isothermal reaction.An active layer with definite thickness and a deviation from the optimal locationboth decrease thevalue of the effectiveness factor.It has been shown numerically that the effectiveness factor decreases slightlywith an active layer at the inner side of x but seriously at outer side.

For further improving the representation of mixture VLE data,the local composition version of CCORequation of state has been developed and tested on 42 sets low-pressure and high-pressure as well as polarand nonpolar VLE data.The data reduction results were compared with conventional quadratic mixing ruleand activity coefficient method.The comparison with quadratic mixing rule showed that the local composition version significantly im-proved the data fitting of polar systems,especially for those highly nonideal mixtures where quadratic mixingrule failed to fit satisfactorily.The comparison with the well-known activity coefficient method——Hayden-O’Connell-Wilson model,indicated that this new version gave,in general,better fit to those low-pressure strongly polar systems,which traditionally has to be treated by activity coefficient approach.

A new plate-to-plate method for performanceprediction of azeotropic distillation processes isdeveloped.Azeotropic distillation is character-ized by the strong interaction among componentsand by a samll number of components involved.By plate-to-plate method,the number of intera-rive variables depends only on the number ofcomponents,therefore a combination of theplate-to-plate approach and the Newton