Thisworkwas focused on the measurement of the solubility of hydrogen (H₂) in anthraquinoneworking solution at temperatures of 30.0-80.0℃ and pressures of 0.2-3.0 MPa by the method of experimental and COSMO-RS model study. The influence of various factors, i.e., including pressure, temperature and solvent volume ratio, on H₂ solubility was investigated. According to the experimental results, H₂ solubility in anthraquinone working solution increases with the increase of pressure. At low pressures, the temperature had little effect on H₂ solubility while under high pressures H₂ solubility increases with increasing temperature. Henry's constant ln_H has a good linear relationship with 1/_T (ln_H=-1319.1/_T+9.91). The effect of volume ratio of trioctyl phosphate to trimethylbenzene on the solubility of hydrogen was studied and the results showed that increasing the amount of trimethylbenzene was conducive to the dissolution of hydrogen. In addition, there is a linear relationship between ln((P₀-P_e)/(P_t-P_e)) and the time t. Gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient was obtained by calculating the slope of the line.

A preparation process of 2-methylnaphthalene (2-MN) was proposed by isomerization, side-stream distillation and extractive distillation. The isomerization of alkyl naphthalene was catalyzed by acid-treated HBEA zeolites, and the 2-MN selectivity of isomerization was 92.70%. Side-stream distillation and extractive distillation were investigated by simulation, and effects of operation parameters on 2-MN were studied. Further, the simulated results were verified by experiment. Under the optimal condition, the mass fraction of 2-MN reached to 98.09% in the product, and the yield was 83.84% in refining process.

In this study, quaternized chitosan microspheres (QCMS) were prepared and its Cr(VI) removal potential was investigated. Batch experiments were conducted to examine kinetics, adsorption isotherm, pH effect, and thermodynamic parameters. Equilibrium was attained within 50 min and maximum removal of 97.34% was achieved under the optimum conditions at pH 5. Adsorption data for Cr (VI) uptake by the QCMS were analyzed according to Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin adsorption models. The maximum uptake of Cr(VI) was 39.1 mg·g^-1. Thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption system were determinated at 293 K, 303 K, 313 K and 323 K. (ΔH°=16.08 kJ·mol^-1;ΔG°=-5.84 to -8.08 kJ·mol^-1 and ΔS°=74.81 J·K^-1·mol^-1). So the positive values of both ΔH° and ΔS° suggest an endothermic reaction and increase in randomness at the solid-liquid interface during the adsorption.ΔG° values obtainedwere negative indicating a spontaneous adsorption process. The kinetic process was described by a pseudo-second-order rate equation very well. The results of the present study indicated that the QCMS could be considered as a potential adsorbent for Cr (VI) in aqueous solutions.

When evaluating ionic liquids (ILs) for extractive desulfurization (EDS) of fuel oils, the inevitable presence of water in the system may have a significant and in many cases strongly negative effect. However, few studies have considered this particular issue and a promoted water effect on EDS is scarcely reported. In this work, COSMO-RS was firstly employed to calculate the capacity and selectivity for EDS of various IL/H₂O mixtures, which cover different IL characters and a wide water concentration range. Experiments were then conducted with a representative IL[C₄MIM] [H₂PO₄], whose stable and even promoted extraction performance with a small amount of water was suggested by COSMO-RS. Through analyses of the desulfurization ratio, the crosssolubility and the water content in the desulfurized fuel, the promoted effect of water within a certain range (<10 wt%) was experimentally demonstrated. Moreover, such effect of water was explained combining the viscosity, the solvent-solute interactions and the COSMO-RS based analysis.

Aqueous phase of acids as catalysts for the desulfurization of gasoline by condensation of thiophenes with formaldehyde in a biphasic system was investigated. Two types of model gasoline with and without aromatics and olefins were employed in this work. The desulfurization rates were above 90% on these two types of model gasoline using formic acid and H₃PW₁₂O₄₀ (0.8 mol·L^-1), indicating that the presence of aromatics and olefins has no effect on the desulfurization rate. High temperature (above 90℃) was more favorable to the process for desulfurization. Four hours was considered to be the proper treating time for the sulfur removal. In addition, aqueous phase of acids could be recycled at least 4 times without decreasing desulfurization rate. Finally, the possible process for the integration of condensation desulfurization into the existing refinery process for the production of gasoline with low sulfur content was proposed.

The application of ionic liquids as alternatives to conventional organic solvents in the extraction process has been investigated. In the present study, fourteen species of imidazolium-based ionic liquids were added into the NaOH (aq) to remove the mercaptans. The influences of anion species and cation alkyl chain length of the imidazolium-based ionic liquids on the performance of mercaptan removal from light oils have been discussed. The efficiency of extraction for mercaptans exhibited the order of [Ac]^- > [OH]^- ≈[Br]^- > [BF₄]^-. The longer alkyl chain imidazolium-based ionic liquids contributed to enhance desulfurization rate of 1-butyl mercaptan. 100% desulfurization rate of 1-butyl mercaptan was achieved by the anion of Ac^- ionic liquids and NaOH (aq) at a volume ratio of 40:1 (V(oil):V(ionic liquid)) and a short equilibrium time within 10 min.

Using catalytic oxidative absorption for H₂S removal is of great interest due to its distinct advantages. However, traditional scrubbing process faces a great limitation in the confined space. Therefore, there is an urgent demand to develop high-efficiency process intensification technology for such a system. In this article, H₂S absorption experimental research was conducted in a rotating packed bed (RPB) reactor with ferric chelate absorbent and a mixture of N₂ and H₂S, which was used to simulate natural gas. The effects of absorbent pH value, gas-liquid ratio, gravity level of RPB, absorption temperature and character of the packing on the desulfurization efficiency were investigated. The results showed that H₂S removal efficiency could reach above 99.6% under the most of the experimental condition and above 99.9% under the optimal condition. A long-time continuous experiment was conducted to investigate the stability of the whole process combining absorption and regeneration. The result showed that the process could well realize simultaneous desulfurization and absorbent regeneration, and the H₂S removal efficiency kept relatively stable in thewhole duration of 72 h. It can be clearly seen that high gravity technology desulfurization process,which is simple, high-efficiency, and space intensive, has a good prospect for industrial application of H₂S removal in confined space.

Hydrous iron oxide and hydrous aluminumoxidewere loaded successfully onto a polymeric adsorbent (D301) to modify adsorbingmaterials (HIOD301 andHAOD301). The adsorptive equilibriumof atrazinewas investigated in an aquatic environment using HIOD301 and HAOD301 under different experimental conditions. The results indicated that both HIOD301 and HAOD301 showed good adsorption capacities for atrazine at pH 4. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations were used to study the interactions between the adsorbate and adsorbent. The adsorption kinetics of atrazine at different concentrations was well described in terms of a pseudosecond-order equation in regard to the correlation coefficients and adsorption capacity. The removal percentages of atrazine for HIOD301 and HAOD301 were still more than 95% in the presence of sodium chloride.

The solid solution (CeZr)O₂ catalyst was synthesized, and it wasmodified with metal oxides by incipient impregnation. Morphology and structure were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electronmicroscope, nitrogen ad/desorption and H₂-temperature program reduction techniques. The catalytic properties of methane oxidation were also investigated. The results showed that solid solution possessed a mesoporous structure and exhibited excellent catalytic performance. The activity of solid solution was improved effectively by nickel doping, and the optimal loading is 15 wt%. The stability of (CeZr)O₂ and modified (CeZr)O₂ indicated that the structure of pristine solid solution played a key role in promoting molecules diffusion and spatial confining oxide particle sintering.

Many chemical processes can bemodeled asWienermodels,which consist of a linear dynamic subsystemfollowed by a static nonlinear block. In this paper, an effective discrete-time adaptive control method is proposed for Wiener nonlinear systems with uncertainties. The parameterization model is derived based on the inverse of the nonlinear function block. The adaptive control method is motivated by self-tuning control and is derived from a modified Clarke criterion function, which considers both tracking properties and control efforts. The uncertain parameters are updated by a recursive least squares algorithm and the control law exhibits an explicit form. The closed-loop systemstability properties are discussed. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the obtained results, two groups of simulation examples including an application to composition control in a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) system are studied.

In this paper, multi-refinery using the same heavy crude oils as raw materials is studied, while a new nonlinear model for mixed heavy crude distillation is proposed. In practical crude distillation operation, the distillate yield and product distribution of distillation units are different due to their various equipment and operating parameters, even the same ratio of raw materials is provided, so different process models for multi-refinery planning is therefore required. For process modeling, the relationships between total yields and mixing ratio of different refineries were determined, which is combined with process simulation using production data. Then, the yields and properties of crude distillation unit (CDU) fractions were calculated with the use of true boiling point (TBP) curves and property curves respectively when the initial cutting temperatures were given. Finally, in order to maximize the economic benefit of distillation, the optimal product distribution and the best mixing ratio of crude oilwere calculated under the constraints of different properties of fractions. Comparing to previous models, the proposed model takes the influence of different refinery parameters on production process into account, while avoiding the complex process for determining the cutting points, which is considered more efficient and more accurate with respect to heavy crude refinery. Model was successfully verified by a case study, allowing a significant improvement of the refinery profit to be achieved.

As important controlling factors for the synthesis of iron phosphate materials by liquid-phase precipitation, the solubilities of iron phosphate dihydrate were systematically measured at H₃PO₄ concentrations from 1.13 wt% to 10.7 wt%, temperature from 298.15 to 363.15 K, and atmosphere pressure in this work. The solubility was found to increase 5 orders of magnitude or more with increasing the concentration of phosphoric acid, and decrease 1 to 2 orders of magnitude with increasing the equilibrium temperature. The phosphoric acid addition and temperature were found to affect the solubility of iron phosphate dihydrate by the formation or dissociation of coordination species, which could further accelerate the phase transformation from the amorphous iron phosphate dihydrate to orthorhombic iron phosphate dehydrate by dissolution-recrystallization mechanism. The high dependences of the solubility of iron phosphate materials on H₃PO₄ concentration and temperature were also well predicted by calibration equations, which are meaningful for quantitatively understanding the precipitation process and sequential crystalline structure transformation and pursuing a rational strategy for synthesizing specific iron phosphate materials.

This study aimed to model the kinetic of hydro-distillation of Aquilaria malaccensis leaves oil in order to understand and optimize the extraction process. In addition, this study, for the first time, aimed to identify the chemical compositions of the A. malaccensis leave-oil. By assessing both first-order kinetic model and the model of simultaneous washing and diffusion, the result indicated that the model of simultaneous washing and diffusion better describes the hydro-distillation mechanism of the essential oil from A. malaccensis leaves. The optimum time, solid to liquid ratio, and the heating power for extracting the highest amount of essential oil were found to be around 3 h, 1:10 (g·ml^-1), and 300 W respectively. Yellow essential oil with a strong smell and a yield of 0.05 v/w was extracted by hydro-distillation Clevenger apparatus. Chemical compounds of the essential oil were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC/MS), which resulted in identification of 42 compounds that constitute 93% of essential oil. Among the identified components, Pentadecanal (32.082%), 9-Octadecenal, (Z) (15.894%), and Tetradecanal (6.927%) were the major compounds. Considering the fact that all the identified major components possess pesticidal properties, A. malaccensis leaves can be regarded as a promising natural source for producing pesticides.

Pickering emulsions stabilized by salicylic acid and arginine modified titanium dioxide (TiO₂-SA-Arg) nanoparticles were prepared in this study for photocatalytic degradation of nitrobenzene in a rotating annular reactor, and the effects of various design parameters of the rotating annular reactor, initial nitrobenzene concentration, catalyst amount, and solution pH on the degradation rate of nitrobenzene were investigated. Meanwhile, the degradation mechanism of nitrobenzene was proposed. The results show that increasing the aeration rate, the rotational speed, and light intensity results in a higher photocatalytic degradation rate of nitrobenzene owing to the effective clearance of electrons and a high quantity of oxidative free radicals. The degradation of nitrobenzene in the rotating annular reactor follows the pseudo first-order kinetics, but it is not well described by the Langmuir-Hinshelwood equation. Aeration has a significant effect on the photocatalytic degradation pathway of nitrobenzene. Because nitrobenzene can undergo reduction reaction as electron acceptors and oxidative degradation initiated by hydroxyl free radicals, the photocatalytic degradation of nitrobenzene follows the reduction mechanism under no aeration, but the oxidation mechanism under aeration.

The structural evolution of the chars frompyrolysis of biomass components (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) in a xenon lamp radiation reactor was investigated. The elemental composition analysis showed that the C content increased at the expense of H and O contents during the chars formation. The values of Δ_H/C/Δ_O/C for the formation of cellulose and hemicellulose chars were close to 2, indicating that dehydrationwas the dominant reaction. Meanwhile, the value was more than 3 for lignin char formation, suggesting that the occurrence of demethoxylation was prevalent. FTIR and XRD analyses further disclosed that the cellulose pyrolysis needed to break down the stable crystal structure prior to the severe depolymerization. As for hemicellulose and lignin pyrolysis, the weak branches and linkages decomposed firstly, followed by the major decomposition. After the devolatilization at the main pyrolysis stage, the three components encountered a slow carbonization process to form condensed aromatic chars. The SEM results showed that the three components underwent different devolatilization behaviors, which induced various surface morphologies of the chars.

Aluminum doped hydroxyapatite (HA:Al³⁺) nanopowders were successfully prepared via a simple and efficient one-potmechanochemical route. The effects of dopant loading on phase compositions and structural features were assessed by Rietveld analysis. The XRD-Rietveld refinement revealed the stabilization of HA in hexagonal structure for all the samples. The sharpness and intensity of the apatite-derived XRD peaks decreased as the dopant content increased to 10% due to the increase in lattice imperfections and mechanically induced amorphization. The incorporation of Al³⁺ into the HA lattice decreased the unit cell parameters. From the FTIR measurements, the representing bands of apatite were identified in all cases. The mechanosynthesized nanopowders consisted of nanospheroids with an average size of 44±20 nm and therefore are promising for bone tissue regeneration.