Adsorption of urea, creatinine, and uric acid from three solution types using spherical activated carbon and its recyclability

doi:10.1016/j.cjche.2020.03.018

Abstract

Abstract: In this paper, we propose that the urinary toxins from the wastewater be adsorbed on an adsorbent such as spherical activated carbon and the latter be regenerated by subjecting it to high temperatures to recycle activated carbon and also to recycle the water used in dialysis. We studied the adsorption of artificial waste dialysate, which is a mixed solution of urea, creatinine, and uric acid, and the separate solutions for each of these and found that their extents of adsorption onto the spherical activated carbon material were nearly identical. The amount of adsorption was approximately 1.4 mg·g^-1 for urea, 18 mg·g^-1 for creatinine, and 20 mg·g^-1 for uric acid. The urea, creatinine, and uric acid adsorbed onto the spherical activated carbon decomposed on heat treatment at 500℃, and the adsorption capacity of the spherical activated carbon was regenerated. Our study successfully demonstrated that the spherical activated carbon can be recycled in the waste dialysate treatment process.

Key words: Adsorption, Dialysate, Spherical activated carbon, Recycling

摘要： In this paper, we propose that the urinary toxins from the wastewater be adsorbed on an adsorbent such as spherical activated carbon and the latter be regenerated by subjecting it to high temperatures to recycle activated carbon and also to recycle the water used in dialysis. We studied the adsorption of artificial waste dialysate, which is a mixed solution of urea, creatinine, and uric acid, and the separate solutions for each of these and found that their extents of adsorption onto the spherical activated carbon material were nearly identical. The amount of adsorption was approximately 1.4 mg·g^-1 for urea, 18 mg·g^-1 for creatinine, and 20 mg·g^-1 for uric acid. The urea, creatinine, and uric acid adsorbed onto the spherical activated carbon decomposed on heat treatment at 500℃, and the adsorption capacity of the spherical activated carbon was regenerated. Our study successfully demonstrated that the spherical activated carbon can be recycled in the waste dialysate treatment process.

关键词: Adsorption, Dialysate, Spherical activated carbon, Recycling

Tomohito Kameda, Kazuya Horikoshi, Shogo Kumagai, Yuko Saito, Toshiaki Yoshioka. Adsorption of urea, creatinine, and uric acid from three solution types using spherical activated carbon and its recyclability[J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2020, 28(12): 2993-3001.

References

[1] R.J. Wong, Inventors, Southern Ionics Incorporated, Cartridges Useful in Cleaning Dialysis Solutions, 2002 Jun 6, WO2015142624A1.
[2] C.H. Ooi, W.K. Cheah, Y.L. Sim, S.Y. Pung, F.Y. Yeoh, Conversion and characterization of activated carbon fiber derived from palm empty fruit bunch waste and its kinetic study on urea adsorption, J. Environ. Manag. 197(2017) 199-205.
[3] W.K. Cheah, Y.L. Sim, F.Y. Yeoh, Amine-functionalized mesoporous silica for urea adsorption, Mater. Chem. Phys. 175(2016) 151-157.
[4] J. Liu, X. Chen, Z. Shao, P. Zhou, Preparation and characterization of chitosan/Cu(II) affinity membrane for urea adsorption, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 90(2003) 1108-1112.
[5] V. Wernert, O. Schäf, H. Ghobarkar, R. Denoyel, Adsorption properties of zeolites for artificial kidney applications, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 83(2005) 101-113.
[6] Y.Q. Feng, Z.Y. Liang, S.X. Meng, Adsorption of urea nitrogen onto chitosan coated dialdehyde cellulose under biocatalysis of immobilized urease:equilibrium and kinetic, Biochem. Eng. J. 24(2005) 65-72.
[7] X. Liu, S. Sun, Y. Tang, S. Li, J. Chang, L.A. Guo, Y. Zhao, Preparation and kinetic modeling of cross-linked chitosan microspheres immobilized Zn (II) for urea adsorption, Anal. Lett. 45(2012) 1632-1644.
[8] M.N.Z. Abidin, P.S. Goh, A.F. Ismail, N. Said, M.H.D. Othman, H. Hasbullah, M.S. Abdullah, B.C. Ng, S.H.S.A. Kadir, F. Kamal, Highly adsorptive oxidized starch nanoparticles for efficient urea removal, Carbohydr. Polym. 201(2018) 257-263.
[9] C. Xue, L.D. Wilson, Kinetic study on urea uptake with chitosan-based sorbent materials, Carbohydr. Polym. 135(2016) 180-186.
[10] T. Kameda, S. Ito, T. Yoshioka, Kinetic and equilibrium studies of urea adsorption onto activated carbon:adsorption mechanism, J. Dispers. Sci. Technol. 38(2017) 1063-1066.
[11] T. Kameda, K. Horikoshi, S. Kumagai, Y. Saito, T. Yoshioka, Adsorption of urea, creatinine, and uric acid onto spherical activated carbon, Sep. Purif. Technol. 237(2020) 116367.
[12] H. Marsh, F.R. Reinoso, Activated Carbon, Elsevier Ltd., England, 2006.
[13] A.J. Romero-Anaya, M.A. Lillo-Ro'denas, A. Linares-Solano, Factors governing the adsorption of ethanol on spherical activated carbons, Carbon 83(2015) 240-249.
[14] Y. Liu, K. Li, J. Wang, G. Sun, C. Sun, Preparation of spherical activated carbon with hierarchical porous texture, J. Mater. Sci. 44(2009) 4750-4753.
[15] W.-C. Oh, J.-G. Kim, H. Kim, M.-L. Chen, F.-J. Zhang, K. Zhang, Z.-D. Meng, Preparation of spherical activated carbon and their physicochemical properties, J. Korean Ceram. Soc. 46(2009) 568-573.
[16] S.B. Khan, M.M. Rahman, H.M. Marwani, A.M. Asiri, K.A. Alamry, M.A. Rub, Selective adsorption and determination of iron(III):Mn₃O₄/TiO₂ composite nanosheets as marker of iron for environmental applications, Appl. Surf. Sci. 282(2013) 46-51.
[17] M.A. Rub, A.M. Asiri, N. Azum, A. Khan, A.A.P. Khan, S.B. Khan, M.M. Rahman, D. Kabir ud, Aggregation and phase separation behavior of an amphiphilic drug promazine hydrochloride under the influence of inorganic salts and ureas, Thermochim. Acta 574(2013) 26-37.
[18] M.A. Hasnat, S. Ben Aoun, S.M. Nizam Uddin, M.M. Alam, P.P. Koay, S. Amertharaj, M. A. Rashed, M.M. Rahman, N. Mohamed, Copper-immobilized platinum electrocatalyst for the effective reduction of nitrate in a low conductive medium:Mechanism, adsorption thermodynamics and stability, Appl. Catal. A Gen. 478(2014) 259-266.
[19] M.M. Hussain, M.M. Rahman, A.M. Asiri, M.R. Awual, Non-enzymatic simultaneous detection of l-glutamic acid and uric acid using mesoporous Co₃O₄ nanosheets, RSC Adv. 6(2016) 80511-80521.
[20] M.M. Rahman, J. Ahmed, A.M. Asiri, A glassy carbon electrode modified with γ-Ce₂S₃-decorated CNT nanocomposites for uric acid sensor development:A real sample analysis, RSC Adv. 7(2017) 14649-14659.
[21] M.M. Rahman, J. Ahmed, A.M. Asiri, Thiourea sensor development based on hydrothermally prepared CMO nanoparticles for environmental safety, Biosens. Bioelectron. 99(2018) 586-592.
[22] M.M. Alam, A.M. Asiri, M.T. Uddin, M.A. Islam, M.R. Awual, M.M. Rahman, Detection of uric acid based on doped ZnO/Ag₂O/Co₃O₄ nanoparticle loaded glassy carbon electrode, New J. Chem. 43(2019) 8651-8659.
[23] M.R. Awual, A.M. Asiri, M.M. Rahman, N.H. Alharthi, Assessment of enhanced nitrite removal and monitoring using ligand modified stable conjugate materials, Chem. Eng. J. 363(2019) 64-72.
[24] M.R. Awual, M.M. Hasan, A. Islam, M.M. Rahman, A.M. Asiri, M.A. Khaleque, M.C. Sheikh, Introducing an amine functionalized novel conjugate material for toxic nitrite detection and adsorption from wastewater, J. Clean. Prod. 228(2019) 778-785.
[25] M.R. Awual, M.M. Hasan, A. Islam, M.M. Rahman, A.M. Asiri, M.A. Khaleque, M.C. Sheikh, Offering an innovative composited material for effective lead (II) monitoring and removal from polluted water, J. Clean. Prod. 231(2019) 214-223.
[26] W.A. Adeosun, A.M. Asiri, H.M. Marwani, M.M. Rahman, Enzymeless electrocatalytic detection of uric acid using polydopamine/polypyrrole copolymeric film, ChemistrySelect 5(2020) 156-164.
[27] M.R. Awual, M.M. Hasan, J. Iqbal, M.A. Islam, A. Islam, S. Khandaker, A.M. Asiri, M.M. Rahman, Ligand based sustainable composite material for sensitive nickel (II) capturing in aqueous media, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 8(2020).
[28] M.R. Awual, M.M. Hasan, A. Islam, A.M. Asiri, M.M. Rahman, Optimization of an innovative composited material for effective monitoring and removal of cobalt (II) from wastewater, J. Mol. Liq. 298(2020).
[29] M.M. Rahman, K.A. Alamry, M.R. Awual, A.E.M. Mekky, Efficient Hg (II) ionic probe development based on one-step synthesized diethyl thieno[2,3-b] thiophene-2,5-dicarboxylate (DETTDC2) onto glassy carbon electrode, Microchem. J. 152(2020).
[30] M.M. Rahman, S.B. Khan, H.M. Marwani, A.M. Asiri, A SnO₂-Sb₂O₃ nanocomposite for selective adsorption of lead ions from water samples prior to their determination by ICP-OES, Microchim. Acta 182(2014) 579-588.
[31] M.R. Awual, N.H. Alharthi, Y. Okamoto, M.R. Karim, M.E. Halim, M.M. Hasan, M.M. Rahman, M.M. Islam, M.A. Khaleque, M.C. Sheikh, Ligand field effect for dysprosium (III) and lutetium (III) adsorption and EXAFS coordination with novel composite nanomaterials, Chem. Eng. J. 320(2017) 427-435.
[32] M.R. Awual, M. Khraisheh, N.H. Alharthi, M. Luqman, A. Islam, M. Rezaul Karim, M.M. Rahman, M.A. Khaleque, Efficient detection and adsorption of cadmium (II) ions using innovative nano-composite materials, Chem. Eng. J. 343(2018) 118-127.