Humification of organic matter and passivation of heavy metals during the hydrothermal carbonization of swine manure

Jiangbo Xiong, Chunfei Zhou, Qingwen Zhang, Huiwen Gu, Yujuan Huang, Pin Zhang, Min Jiang, Faying Lai, Xiaoping Liu, Huajun Huang

Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering . 2025, (12): 1 -12 . DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2025.09.011