Humification of organic matter and passivation of heavy metals during the hydrothermal carbonization of swine manure

doi:10.1016/j.cjche.2025.09.011

Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering ›› 2025, Vol. 88 ›› Issue (12): 1-12.DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2025.09.011

Humification of organic matter and passivation of heavy metals during the hydrothermal carbonization of swine manure

Jiangbo Xiong¹, Chunfei Zhou^1,2, Qingwen Zhang¹, Huiwen Gu¹, Yujuan Huang¹, Pin Zhang³, Min Jiang¹, Faying Lai¹, Xiaoping Liu¹, Huajun Huang¹

1. School of Land Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Ecological in the Poyang Lake Basin, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi 330045, China;
2. College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China;
3. Graduate School, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China

Received:2025-05-27 Revised:2025-07-18 Accepted:2025-09-29 Online:2025-10-09 Published:2026-02-09
Contact: Xiaoping Liu,E-mail:xpl@jxau.edu.cn;Huajun Huang,E-mail:huanghuajun2004@126.com
Supported by:
We gratefully acknowledge the support of the Jiangxi Province Colleges and Universities Humanities and Social Science Key Research Base Project (JD23050), the Jiangxi Province Agricultural Key Core Technology Research Project (JXNK202307-03-01-02), and the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province, China (20192BAB203019).

Humification of organic matter and passivation of heavy metals during the hydrothermal carbonization of swine manure

Jiangbo Xiong¹, Chunfei Zhou^1,2, Qingwen Zhang¹, Huiwen Gu¹, Yujuan Huang¹, Pin Zhang³, Min Jiang¹, Faying Lai¹, Xiaoping Liu¹, Huajun Huang¹

1. School of Land Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Ecological in the Poyang Lake Basin, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi 330045, China;
2. College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China;
3. Graduate School, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China

通讯作者: Xiaoping Liu,E-mail:xpl@jxau.edu.cn;Huajun Huang,E-mail:huanghuajun2004@126.com
基金资助:
We gratefully acknowledge the support of the Jiangxi Province Colleges and Universities Humanities and Social Science Key Research Base Project (JD23050), the Jiangxi Province Agricultural Key Core Technology Research Project (JXNK202307-03-01-02), and the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province, China (20192BAB203019).

Abstract

Abstract: Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a promising technology for the coversion of swine manure (SM) for hydrochars (HCs). Currently, information on the humification of organic matter is limited during the HTC of SM, and its potential correlation with the passivation of heavy metals (HMs) remains unclear, which is crucial referece for the land application of SM-derived HCs. This study systematically investigated the humification of organic matter and the passivation of HMs during the HTC of SM and then explored their intrinsic connection. The HTC treatment can enhance the humification of organic matter, and the HCs obtained at 240 ℃ had the best humification effect, with the highest content of humus (83.84 mg·g^-1 versus 41.97 mg·g^-1 in SM) and humification rate (28.89% versus 15.73% in SM). Dissolved organic carbons (DOC) and readily oxidized organic carbons (ROC) were more easily degraded in the HTC of SM, and part was further converted into inactive organic carbon. HMs (Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cr) were enriched in HCs, but all HMs were largely passivated. The ecological risk of multi-HMs was reduced from moderate risk in SM to low risk in HCs. The percentages of HMs in exchangeable/acid-soluble forms were positively correlated with the contents of DOC and negatively correlated with the ratio of humic acids to fulvic acids (P < 0.05). It was inferred that the humification of organic matter promoted the passivation of HMs in the HTC of SM. This study provided deeper insights into the humification of organic matter and it's intrinsic correlation with HMs-passivation during the HTC of SM.

Key words: Swine manure, Hydrothermal, Heavy metals, Waste treatment, Humic substances, Pollution

摘要： Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a promising technology for the coversion of swine manure (SM) for hydrochars (HCs). Currently, information on the humification of organic matter is limited during the HTC of SM, and its potential correlation with the passivation of heavy metals (HMs) remains unclear, which is crucial referece for the land application of SM-derived HCs. This study systematically investigated the humification of organic matter and the passivation of HMs during the HTC of SM and then explored their intrinsic connection. The HTC treatment can enhance the humification of organic matter, and the HCs obtained at 240 ℃ had the best humification effect, with the highest content of humus (83.84 mg·g^-1 versus 41.97 mg·g^-1 in SM) and humification rate (28.89% versus 15.73% in SM). Dissolved organic carbons (DOC) and readily oxidized organic carbons (ROC) were more easily degraded in the HTC of SM, and part was further converted into inactive organic carbon. HMs (Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cr) were enriched in HCs, but all HMs were largely passivated. The ecological risk of multi-HMs was reduced from moderate risk in SM to low risk in HCs. The percentages of HMs in exchangeable/acid-soluble forms were positively correlated with the contents of DOC and negatively correlated with the ratio of humic acids to fulvic acids (P < 0.05). It was inferred that the humification of organic matter promoted the passivation of HMs in the HTC of SM. This study provided deeper insights into the humification of organic matter and it's intrinsic correlation with HMs-passivation during the HTC of SM.

关键词: Swine manure, Hydrothermal, Heavy metals, Waste treatment, Humic substances, Pollution

Jiangbo Xiong, Chunfei Zhou, Qingwen Zhang, Huiwen Gu, Yujuan Huang, Pin Zhang, Min Jiang, Faying Lai, Xiaoping Liu, Huajun Huang. Humification of organic matter and passivation of heavy metals during the hydrothermal carbonization of swine manure[J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2025, 88(12): 1-12.

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Humification of organic matter and passivation of heavy metals during the hydrothermal carbonization of swine manure

Humification of organic matter and passivation of heavy metals during the hydrothermal carbonization of swine manure

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