Four models for the rate of adsorption in an adsorbent (slab-like, cylindrical or spherical) are presented.The parabolic
profile (PP) model is obtained by assuming a parabolic intraparticle concentration profile. The shell-core (SC) model is
based on a shell-core type profile.The modified shell-core (MSC) model is an extension of the SC model. And the general
driving force (GDF) model is a weighted average of the PP and MSC models.Sample calculations show that the GDF model provides
the best approximation.

Gas-solid two-phase turbulent flows, mass transfer, heat transfer and catalytic cracking reactions are known to exert
interrelated influences in commercial fluid catalytic cracking(FCC) riser reactors.In the present paper, a three-dimensional
turbulent gas-solid two-phase flow-reaction model for FCC riser reactors was developed. The model took into account the gas-
solid two-phase turbulent flows, inter-phase heat transfer, mass transfer, catalytic cracking reactions and their nterrelated
influence. The k-V-kp two-phase turbulence model was employed and modified for the two-phase turbulent flow patterns with
relatively high particle concentration. Boundary conditions for the flow-reaction model were given. Related numerical
algorithm was formed and a numerical code was drawn up. Numerical modeling for commercial FCC riser reactors could be carried
out with the presented model.

Numerical simulation on the flow, heat transfer and cracking reactions in commercial fluid catalytic cracking(FCC)riser
reactors were carried out employingthe developed turbulent gas-solid two-phase flow-reaction model for FCC riser reactors
given in Part Ⅰ of thepresent paper.Detailed information about the turbulentflow fields in the riser reactor obtained
revealed the basic characteristics of the gas-solid two-phase turbulent flows when heat transfer and catalytic cracking
reactions were co-existing in the riser. Results showed that the distributions of the flow, the turbulence kinetic energy and
the catalyst particle concentration arenot uniform in the axial, radial and tangential directions. The most complicated part
of the riser reactor is the feed injecting zone. The complicated configuration of the turbulent gas-solid two-phase flows
would exert a great influence on the results of interphase heat transfer and cracking reactions.

Using a five point conductivity technique local values of bubble size, bubble velocity and gas fraction have been experimentally determined in a 288 mmID and 4.3 m high bubble column as a function of axial and radial position for the air／
water and CO2／N2／aqueous MDEA systems.The experimental results are compared with predictions from a fundamental two-fluid
model.The implementation of a non-steady lateral drag term in the two-fluid model has beenshown.In addition to improving the
physical realism of the model, it is found to give slight improvements in the predictions of the distributions of local
bubble size. Predictions of bubble sizeare found in reasonable agreement with experimental values in the heterogeous flow
regime, whereas they arestill found to be unreliable at low gas velocities.Local void predictions are found in reasonable
agreementwith experimental values, but deviations occur in thehomogeneous flow regime towards the wall.This is attributed to
deficiencies in the simplified bubble size model, suggesting improvements of that .It is shown how the Sauter mean diameter
as a measure for bubble size is a more sensitive parameter to the radial bubble structure variations in a bubble column than
the number averaged diameter. An equation for the calculation of local volumetric gas flow rates, based on conductivityprobe
data, has been developed and is shown to give improved predictions compared to previous methods in theheterogeneous regime.

A three-step synthesis strategy for the automatic synthesis of operating procedures in batch process operations is presented
in this paper. The first step is pre-operation which consists of a set of checks that must be considered before starting the
basic process operation.The second step is operation which is described by a set of basic control instructions.The third step
is post-operation described by a set of instructions that must be carried out when the basic process operation is
terminated.The three-step synthesis method has been implemented as part of a prototype recipe management system.

Glucose and xylose were used as mixed carbon sources for ethanol production by a cascade immobilized-cell reactor.In the
first fixed-bed reactor, immobilized S.cerevisiae was used to metabolize the glucose anaerobically, and in the second fixed-
bed column, the immobilized Pichia stipitis was applied to metabolize xylose aerobically.The effect of xylose on the glucose
uptake by S. cerevisiae and the effect of ethanol on the xylose metabolization by P.stipitis were studied.A mathematical odel
taking both the substrate and xylose inhibition into consideration was suggested for the description of the two-substrate
fermentation process, and a total effectiveness factor ηs in the model was derived to take into account the mass transfer
resistances of intra-particles and liquid films.Calculated results are in fair agreement with the experimental data.

Inorganic nanofiltration (NF)membranes as a new kind of membranes appeared a few years ago.This review presents the progress
in inorganic NF membranes during recent years.Synthesis, characterization, performance, and application of inorganic NF
membranes are emphatically introduced, and the trends of development are also discussed.