Based on the tests of more than ten different additives, several effective additives are found capable of improving the boiling heat transfer behavior of water pronouncedly. The mechanism of the enhancement of nucleate boiling with additives has been investigated, and the results indicate that one of the important reasons is that the nucleation sites have been increased.

Drift velocity is a very important paramcter for predictirg the pool volumetric void fraction. Two-phase system of gas and high viscous liquids pool is encountered in various engineering applications. A review of the literature shows no data for explaining the effect of highly viscous liquids on the drift velocity. This paper’s analysis shows that there is a considerable influence. It is shown that the foaming behaviour of liquids is dependent on the surface properties. For some highly viscous liquids at a given superficial gas velocity, the viscosity changes with time. The effect of "foam" and "time" on drift velocity is clearly elucidated.

In situ separation of ethanol during batch fermentation with CO_2 stripping and activated carbon adsorption was studied. The higher initial glucose concentration and fermentation rate were reached due to the elimination of ethanol inhibition on the cell growth by means of CO_2 stripping. The stripped ethanol vapor was selectively adsorbed by an activated carbon column. The conde(?)sate desorbed from the adsorption column can be higher than 50% by weight. Ar unstructured model was used to simulate the experimental data satisfactorily.

The open turbine rotating disc contactor (OTRDC) has been installed simply by adding three narrow strips to the lower surface of each rotating disc in the rotating disc contactor (RDC), so it can be used for the system with high solid particle content. Hydrodynamics and axial mixing have been investigated in a 0.152m diameter OTRDC of different compartment height for the system of tap water and quartz particles. A model has been developed to describe the flow of liquid and solid phases. The solid phase holdup can be calculated satisfactorily according to the model equations. Axial mixing data have been treated by the backflow model and the correlations for predicting backflow ratios of liquid and solid phases in OTRDC have been presented.

The condensation heat transfer in the inclined reflux condensers is investigated at various inclinations. A condensation heat transfer model is set up. The calculated values of the model agree well with the experimental data. Both the experimental data and the theoretical calculations show that the condensation heat transfer coefficient in the inclined reflux condensers varies with the inclinations and will be maximum when the inclination angle is about 10°.

This paper deals with the flooding velocities of the reflux condensers with various inclinations.The flooding phenomena and two-phase flow patterns in such condensers have been observed. A physical and a mathematical models for calculating flooding velocities are developed, which agree well with the experimental data. The flooding velocity in an inclined reflux condenser varies with the inclination and may reach the maximum value when the inclination is between 30°and 50°.

The kinetics of dibutyltin dilaurate(DBTDL) catalyzed fast urethane polymerization of polyoxypropylenepolyoxyethlene triol with uretonimine modified 4, 4’-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (l-MDI) in RIM was studied by infrared spectroscopy and adiabatic temperature rise. For isothermal reaction, the overall reaction order was found to change from 3/2 to 2 with increasing reaction temperature. For adiabatic reaction, the overall reaction order was found to change from 3/2 to 2 with increasing catalyst concentration and hard segment content. The phase separation occured during the RIM urethane polymerization leads to a deviation of the kinetics relationships for higher conversion from those for lower.

The scale-up effect, which is a key factor controlling the performance of industrial cyclones, is conventionally estimated through grade efficienty curves. A new principle based on the centrifugal separation factor (CSF) is proposed to improve the scale-up procedure in designing industrial cyclones.

A combined approach of thermodynamic analysis and mixed-integer linear programming is presented for performing structural and parameter optimization in the integration of energy system of chemical processes. Tnermodynamic analysis is used to set up a superstructure configuration of energy system in order to reduce the space of search. The application of the combined approach is illustrated by a revamping integration of a large existing energy system in a refinery complex.

The mixture of neutral phosphorus esters and butyl acetate (BA) can be used, as the extractant for the extraction of penicillin G. The extraction equilibrium pH can be increased to pH3—4 due to the stronger extraction capability of the solvent mixture, instead of pH1.8—2.2 with butyl acetate as solvent. The experimental results indicate that the total recovery of penicillin G can reach 96.6% with the new extraction process, which is 5—6% higher than that obtained with the traditional process using BA as solvent at pH1.8—2.2.

Two commercial methanation catalysts Ni/Al_2O_3 were taken as example for examination. Both crushed and pelleted catalyst were used. Their catalytic activities were evaluated under different reduction conditions. It was found that the reduction process is of vital importance in developing the activity. Each catalyst has its own appropriate condition to display its intrinsic property. So it is really unreasonable to compare the activity of different catalysts under same testing condition. In this paper we present a procedure for exploring the optimum activity of the two catalysts with their corresponding data, which are quite different from each other and from the previous ones.

Recent development of the dynamic analysis technique has made it possible to measure separately kinetic parameters of a catalytic reaction as well as to study the effect of catalyst preparation parameters. But its application is still limned to first-order reaction. This work is aimed to demonstrate in some detail that,by comparison of the reaction rate expressions with the two-step mechanism used in catalytic kinetics and dynamic analysis, these methods can be extended to non-first-order reaction, and the kinetic parameters measured by dynamic techniques are interpreted for different reaction mechanisms.

In the process of continuous fermentation with pervaporation(PVAP),ethanol can be removed and concentrated simultaneously from the broth. In this work, two kinds of modified PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) membranes used for PVAP have been tested, the characteristics and kinetics of the process were investigated, and a set of kinetic equations has been derived along with the experimental results. The results show some major advantages of this process over that with ultrafiltration, more concentrated ethanol can be obtained from the broth directly; no appreciable fouling on the membrane and the process can be controlled steadily.