In response to the lack of reliable physical parameters in the process simulation of the butadiene extraction, a large amount of phase equilibrium data were collected in the context of the actual process of butadiene production by acetonitrile. The accuracy of five prediction methods, UNIFAC (UNIQUAC Functional-group Activity Coefficients), UNIFAC-LL, UNIFAC-LBY, UNIFAC-DMD and COSMO-RS, applied to the butadiene extraction process was verified using partial phase equilibrium data. The results showed that the UNIFAC-DMD method had the highest accuracy in predicting phase equilibrium data for the missing system. COSMO-RS-predicted multiple systems showed good accuracy, and a large number of missing phase equilibrium data were estimated using the UNIFAC-DMD method and COSMO-RS method. The predicted phase equilibrium data were checked for consistency. The NRTL-RK (non-Random Two Liquid-Redlich-Kwong Equation of State) and UNIQUAC thermodynamic models were used to correlate the phase equilibrium data. Industrial device simulations were used to verify the accuracy of the thermodynamic model applied to the butadiene extraction process. The simulation results showed that the average deviations of the simulated results using the correlated thermodynamic model from the actual values were less than 2% compared to that using the commercial simulation software, Aspen Plus and its database. The average deviation was much smaller than that of the simulations using the Aspen Plus database (>10%), indicating that the obtained phase equilibrium data are highly accurate and reliable. The best phase equilibrium data and thermodynamic model parameters for butadiene extraction are provided. This improves the accuracy and reliability of the design, optimization and control of the process, and provides a basis and guarantee for developing a more environmentally friendly and economical butadiene extraction process.

At present, commercial Li-ion batteries are hardly to satisfy the growing demand for high energy density, for this purpose, lithium metal batteries have attracted worldwide attention in recent years. However, its practical applications are hindered by the formation of Li dendrites and volume effect during Li plating/stripping process, which leads to a lot of safety hazards. Herein, we first employed MOF-derived V₂O₅ nanoparticles to decorate the carbon fiber cloth (CFC) backbone to acquire a lithiophilic 3D porous conductive framework (CFC@V₂O₅). Subsequently, the CFC@V₂O₅ skeleton was permeated with molten Li to prepare CFC@V₂O₅@Li composite anode. The CFC@V₂O₅@Li composite anode can be stably cycled for more than 1650 h at high current density (5 mA·cm^-2) and areal capacity (5 mA·h·cm^–2). The prepared full cell can initially maintain a high capacity of about 143 mA·h·g^-1 even at a high current density of 5 C, and can still maintain 114 mA·h·g^-1 after 1000 cycles.

This work provides an overview of distillation processes, including process design for different distillation processes, selection of entrainers for special distillation processes, system integration and intensification of distillation processes, optimization of process parameters for distillation processes and recent research progress in dynamic control strategies. Firstly, the feasibility of using thermodynamic topological theories such as residual curve, phase equilibrium line and distillation boundary line to analyze different separation regions is discussed, and the rationality of distillation process design is discussed by using its feasibility. Secondly, the application of molecular simulation methods such as molecular dynamics simulation and quantum chemical calculation in the screening of entrainer is discussed for the extractive distillation process. The thermal coupling mechanism of different distillation processes is used to explore the process of different process intensifications. Next, a mixed integer nonlinear optimization strategy for the distillation process based on different algorithms is introduced. Finally, the improvement of dynamic control strategies for different distillation processes in recent years is summarized. This work focuses on the application of process intensification and system optimization in the design of distillation process, and analyzes the challenges, prospects, and development trends of distillation technology in the separation of multicomponent azeotropes.

Selective electrodialysis (SED) has surfaced as a highly promising membrane separation technique in the realm of acid recovery owing to its ability to effectively separate monovalent ions through the utilization of a potential difference. However, the current SED process is limited by conventional commercial monovalent cation permselective membranes (MCPMs). This study systematically investigates the use of an independently developed MCPM in the SED process for acid recovery. Various factors such as current density, volume ratio, initial ion concentration, and waste acid systems are considered. The independently developed MCPM offers several advantages over the commercial monovalent selective cation-exchange membrane (CIMS), including higher recovered acid concentration, better ion flux ratio, improved acid recovery efficiency, increased recovered acid purity, and higher current efficiency. The SED process with the MCPM achieves a recovered acid of 95.9% and a concentration of 2.3 mol·L^–1 in the HCl/FeCl₂ system, when a current density of 20 mA·cm^-2 and a volume ratio of 1:2 are applied. Similarly, in the H₂SO₄/FeSO₄ system, a purity of over 99% and a concentration of 2.1 mol·L^–1 can be achieved in the recovered acid. This study thoroughly examines the impact of operation conditions on acid recovery performance in the SED process. The independently developed MCPM demonstrates outstanding acid recovery performance, highlighting its potential for future commercial utilization.

In order to provide basic design parameters for the industrial pyrolysis process, the transformation behavior of nitrogen was investigated using wheat straw as raw material. The distributions of nitrogen in pyrolysis char, oil, and gas were obtained and the nitrogenous components in the products were analyzed systematically by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (TG-FTIR). The nitrogen distribution ranges of the pyrolysis char, oil, and gas were 37.34%–54.82%, 32.87%–40.94% and 10.20%–28.83%, respectively. More nitrogen was retained in char at lower pyrolysis temperature and the nitrogen distribution of oil was from rise to decline with increasing temperature. The most abundant N-containing compounds in three-phase products were pyrrole-N, amines, and HCN, respectively. In addition, the transformation mechanism of nitrogen from wheat straw to pyrolysis products was concluded.

To address the hazardous by-product of zinc smelting and resource utilization of jarosite residue, this study applies an electric field-assisted hot acid treatment to completely recycle iron (Fe). This innovative approach aims to enhance the leaching efficiency of Fe from jarosite residue. The introduction of an electric field changes the charge distribution on the surface of the particles to enhance ions and electrons exchange and promotes the collision between particles to strengthen reaction kinetics. Based on the above, the leaching efficiency of Fe in jarosite under sulfuric acid attack has improved observably. The result shows that Fe leaching efficiency reaches 98.83%, which is increased by 28% under the optimal experimental conditions: current density of 30 mA·cm^-2, H₂SO₄ concentration of 1.5 mol·L^-1, solid-liquid ratio of 70 g·L^-1, temperature of 80 °C and time of 12 h. Leaching kinetics calculations show that the apparent activation energy is 16.97 kJ·mol^-1 and the leaching of jarosite residue is controlled by a mixture of chemical reaction and diffusion, as well as the temperature and concentration of the leaching solution have an influence on leaching. This work provides a feasible idea for the efficient leaching of Fe from jarosite residue.

The current methods used to industrially produce sinomenine hydrochloride involve several issues, including high solvent toxicity, long process flow, and low atomic utilization efficiency, and the greenness scores of the processes are below 65 points. To solve these problems, a new process using anisole as the extractant was proposed. Anisole exhibits high selectivity for sinomenine and can be connected to the subsequent water-washing steps. After alkalization of the medicinal material, heating extraction, water washing, and acidification crystallization were carried out. The process was modeled and optimized. The design space was constructed. The recommended operating ranges for the critical process parameters were 3.0–4.0 h for alkalization time, 60.0–80.0 °C for extraction temperature, 2.0–3.0 (volume ratio) for washing solution amount, and 2.0–2.4 mol·L^-1 for hydrochloric acid concentration. The new process shows good robustness because different batches of medicinal materials did not greatly impact crystal purity or sinomenine transfer rate. The sinomenine transfer rate was about 20% higher than that of industrial processes. The greenness score increased to 90 points since the novel process proposed in this research solves the problems of long process flow, high solvent toxicity, and poor atomic economy, better aligning with the concept of green chemistry.

A biochar-supported green nZVI (G-nZVI@MKB) composite was synthesized using mango kernel waste with “dual identity” as reductant and biomass of biochar. The G-nZVI@MKB with a Fe/C mass ratio of 2.0 (G-nZVI@MKB2) was determined as the most favorable composite for hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) removal. Distinct influencing parameters were discussed, and 99.0% of Cr(VI) removal occurred within 360 min under these optimized parameters. Pseudo-second order kinetic model and intra-particle diffusion model well depicted Cr(VI) removal process. The XRD, FTIR, SEM, and XPS analyses verified the key roles of G-nZVI and functional groups, as well as the primary removal mechanisms involving electrostatic attraction, reduction, and complexation. G-nZVI@MKB2 exhibited good stability and reusability with only a 16.4% decline in Cr(VI) removal after five cycles. This study offered evidence that mango kernel could be recycled as a beneficial resource to synthesize green nZVI-loaded biochar composite for efficient Cr(VI) elimination from water.

Elucidating the effect of growth periods on the quality of calcium sulfate whiskers (CSWs) prepared from calcium sulfate dihydrate (DH) is imperative. Herein, crystal seeds and whiskers were prepared from DH in a water–glycerol system. Longer whiskers were obtained from crystal seeds prepared via hydration of DH for 30 s than via ball milling for 5 min followed by hydration for 20 s. The attachment of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and glycerol additives to the whisker tops promoted whisker growth. The whisker sponges exhibited good thermal barrier properties and compression cycle stability.

Visible-light-driven photocatalysis is a promising technology for the treatment of dye wastewater. In this work, a novel photocatalyst of K_ω-g-C₃N₄ loaded on magnetic attapulgite (ATP) (K-g-C₃N₄@ATP-Fe₃O₄) with excellent visible light photocatalytic properties and stability were successfully prepared and characterized. The removal efficiency of K-g-C₃N₄@ATP-Fe₃O₄ for malachite green (MG) was studied, and the degradation mechanism was analyzed and proposed. It was found that the K₅-g-C₃N₄@ATP-Fe₃O₄ photocatalyst possessed excellent degradation efficiency of over 98.0% for the MG dye wastewater under optimal conditions. Moreover, the K₅-g-C₃N₄@ATP-Fe₃O₄ materials possessed good recyclability with a removal rate over 82% after 4 cycles. Under visible light condition, the K₅-g-C₃N₄@ATP-Fe₃O₄ photocatalyst produce radicals of ·OH and O₂^- to degrade the MG dyes, which was supported by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and radical trapping experiments. In addition, the LC-MS analysis interpreted the degradation pathways and intermediates of MG in the solution. The findings in this work indicate that the prepared photocatalytic material has excellent degradation efficiency for MG and can be applied in dye wastewater treatment.

The rich accumulation of methane (CH₄) in tectonic coal layers poses a significant obstacle to the safe and efficient extraction of coal seams and coalbed methane. Tectonic coal samples from three geologically complex regions were selected, and the main results obtained by using a variety of research tools, such as physical tests, theoretical analyses, and numerical simulations, are as follows: 22.4–62.5 nm is the joint segment of pore volume, and 26.7–100.7 nm is the joint segment of pore specific surface area. In the dynamic gas production process of tectonic coal pore structure, the adsorption method of methane molecules is “solid–liquid adsorption is the mainstay, and solid–gas adsorption coexists”. Methane stored in micropores with a pore size smaller than the jointed range is defined as solid-state pores. Pores within the jointed range, which transition from micropore filling to surface adsorption, are defined as gaseous pores. Pores outside the jointed range, where solid–liquid adsorption occurs, are defined as liquid pores. The evolution of pore structure affects the methane adsorption mode, which provides basic theoretical guidance for the development of coal seam resources.

Daidzein has been widely used in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, feed additives, etc. Its preparation process and related reaction mechanism need to be further investigated. A cost-effective process for synthesizing daidzein was developed in this work. In this article, a two-step synthesis of daidzein (Friedel–Crafts acylation and [5+1] cyclization) was developed via the employment of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH) as an effective promoting reagent. The effect of reaction conditions such as solvent, the amount of TfOH, reaction temperature, and reactant ratio on the conversion rate and the yield of the reaction, respectively, was systematically investigated, and daidzein was obtained in 74.0% isolated yield under optimal conditions. Due to the facilitating effect of TfOH, the Friedel–Crafts acylation was completed within 10 min at 90 °C and the [5+1] cyclization was completed within 180 min at 25 °C. In addition, a possible reaction mechanism for this process was proposed. The results of the study may provide useful guidance for industrial production of daidzein on a large scale.

The traditional automotive catalytic converter using commercial ceramic honeycomb carriers has many problems such as high back pressure, low engine efficiency, and high usage of precious metals. This study proposes a four-channel catalytic micro-reactor based on alumina hollow fiber membrane, which uses phase inversion method for structural molding and regulation. Due to the advantages of its carrier, it can achieve lower ignition temperature under low noble metal loading. With Pd/CeO₂ at a loading rate of 2.3% (mass), the result showed that the reaction ignition temperature is even less than 160 °C, which is more than 90 °C lower than the data of commercial ceramic substrates under similar catalyst loading and airspeed conditions. The technology in turn significantly reduces the energy consumption of the reaction. And stability tests were conducted under constant conditions for 1000 h, which proved that this catalytic converter has high catalytic efficiency and stability, providing prospects for the design of innovative catalytic converters in the future.

The effects of various contaminants in the electrolytic refinement of indium were investigated using a glow discharge mass spectrometer (GDMS). The effects of several factors such as the indium ion (In³⁺) concentration, the sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration, the current density, the gelatin concentration, the pH, and the electrode distance, were examined. Significant variations in impurity levels concerning gelatin concentration were observed. Both the gelatin and In³⁺ concentration were moderately positively correlated with the Pb content. The Sb concentration was associated positively with the NaCl concentration, while the Ti concentration had an adverse correlation with the NaCl concentration. The Bi element content was positively linked to the electrode distance. As the current density increased, Cu, Pb, and Bi impurities initially rose and then eventually declined. Notably, a critical current density of 45 A·m^-2 was identified in this behavior.

CuCl-based catalysts are the most commonly used catalysts for the “direct synthesis” of trimethoxysilane (M3). CuCl species are sensitive to air and water, and are prone to oxidation deactivation. When CuCl is directly used as a catalyst, it needs to be purified before the utilization, and the operating conditions for the catalyst preparation are relatively harsh, requiring the inert gas environment. Considering a high-temperature activation step required for CuCl-based catalysts used for catalyzing synthesis of M3 to form active phase Cu–Si alloys (Cu_xSi) with Si powder, in this work, a series of catalysts for the “direct synthesis” of M3 were obtained by a one-step high-temperature activation of the mixture of stable CuCl₂ precursors, activated carbon-reducing agent, and Si powder, simultaneously achieving the reduction of CuCl₂ to CuCl and the formation of active phase Cu_xSi alloys of CuCl with Si powder. The prepared samples were characterized through various characterization techniques, and investigated for the catalytic performance for the “direct synthesis” of M3. Moreover, the operation conditions were optimized, including the activation temperature, catalyst dosage, Si powder particle size, and reaction temperature. The characterization results indicate that during the one-step activation process, the CuCl₂ precursor is reduced to CuCl, and the resulting CuCl simultaneously reacts with Si powder to form active phases Cu₃Si and Cu₁₅Si₄ alloys. The optimal catalyst S_acm(250, 0.8:10) exhibits a good catalytic activity with selectivity of 95% and yield of 77% for M3, and shows a good universality for various alcohol substrates. Furthermore, the catalytic mechanism of the prepared catalyst for the “direct synthesis” of M3 was discussed.

The Cu-exchanged SSZ-13 with the small-pore chabazite framework is considered as a highly efficient catalyst for selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH₃ (NH₃-SCR). In order to further improve the catalytic property, a series of Mn ion-assisted Cu/SSZ-13 powder catalysts were prepared by co-exchange method and stepwise exchange method. It is found that the NH₃-SCR activity, N₂ selectivity, hydrothermal stability and sulfur resistance of Cu/SSZ-13 are promoted by introducing a minority of Mn (0.15% to 0.23% (mass)) through co-exchange method. Characterization results reveal that the Cu, Mn co-exchange enables the higher amounts of Cu²⁺ active sites, the abundant medium strong and strong acid, the optimized ratio of Lewis acid to Brønsted acid etc., which are required for a good NH₃-SCR catalytic property over broad temperature range and under harsh working environment. Moreover, a monolithic catalyst was prepared by impregnating a cordierite ceramic support into the coating slurry containing the optimized CuMn/SSZ-13 powder. The diesel engine bench tests show that Cu, Mn co-exchange gives the monolith catalyst a better catalytic property than commercial catalysts. This work provides an important guidance for the rational design of secondary-ion-assisted zeolites applied in NH₃-SCR.

The gasoline inline blending process has widely used real-time optimization techniques to achieve optimization objectives, such as minimizing the cost of production. However, the effectiveness of real-time optimization in gasoline blending relies on accurate blending models and is challenged by stochastic disturbances. Thus, we propose a real-time optimization algorithm based on the soft actor-critic (SAC) deep reinforcement learning strategy to optimize gasoline blending without relying on a single blending model and to be robust against disturbances. Our approach constructs the environment using nonlinear blending models and feedstocks with disturbances. The algorithm incorporates the Lagrange multiplier and path constraints in reward design to manage sparse product constraints. Carefully abstracted states facilitate algorithm convergence, and the normalized action vector in each optimization period allows the agent to generalize to some extent across different target production scenarios. Through these well-designed components, the algorithm based on the SAC outperforms real-time optimization methods based on either nonlinear or linear programming. It even demonstrates comparable performance with the time-horizon based real-time optimization method, which requires knowledge of uncertainty models, confirming its capability to handle uncertainty without accurate models. Our simulation illustrates a promising approach to free real-time optimization of the gasoline blending process from uncertainty models that are difficult to acquire in practice.

As promising catalysts for the degradation of organic pollutants, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) often face limitations due to the particle agglomeration and challenging recovery in liquid-catalysis application, stemming from their powdery nature. Engineering macroscopic structures from pulverous MOF is thus of great importance for broadening their practical applications. In this study, three-dimensional porous MOF aerogel catalysts were successfully fabricated for degrading organic dyes by activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS). MOF/gelatin aerogel (MOF/GA) catalysts were prepared by directly integrating bimetallic FeCo-BDC with gelatin solutions, followed by freeze-drying and low-temperature calcination. The FeCo-BDC-0.15/GA/PMS system exhibited remarkable performance in degrading various organic dyes, eliminating 99.2% of rhodamine B within a mere 5 min. Compared to the GA/PMS system, there was over a 300-fold increase in the reaction rate constant. Remarkably, high removal efficiency was maintained across varying conditions, including different solution pH, co-existing inorganic anions, and natural water matrices. Radical trapping experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance analysis revealed that the degradation involved radical (SO₄^-·) and non-radical routes (¹O₂), of which ¹O₂ was dominant. Furthermore, even after a continuous 400-min reaction in a fixed-bed reactor at a liquid hourly space velocity of 27 h^-1, the FeCo-BDC/GA composite sustained a degradation efficiency exceeding 98.7%. This work presents highly active MOF-gelatin aerogels for dye degradation and expands the potential for their large-scale, continuous treatment application in organic dye wastewater management.

The removal of organic sulfur through catalytic hydrolysis is a significant area of research in the field of desulfurization. This review provides an overview of recent advancements in catalytic hydrolysis technology of organic sulfur, including the activity, stability, and atmosphere effects of hydrolysis catalysts. The emphasis is on strategies for enhancing hydrolysis activity and anti-oxygen poisoning property of catalysts. Surface modification, metal doping and nitrogen doping have been found to improve the activity of catalysts. Alkaline components modification is the most commonly used method, the formation of oxygen vacancies through metal doping and creation of nitrogen basic sites through nitrogen doping also contribute to the hydrolysis of organic sulfur. The strategies for anti-oxygen poisoning are discussed in a systematic manner. The structural regulation of catalysts is beneficial for the desorption and diffusion of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), thereby effectively inhibiting its oxidation. Nitrogen doping and the addition of electronic promoters such as transition metals can protect active sites and decrease the number of active oxygen species. These methods have been proven to enhance the anti-poisoning performance of catalysts. Additionally, this article summarizes how different atmospheres affect the activity of hydrolysis catalysts. The objective of this review is to pave the way for the development of efficient, stable and widely used catalysts for organic sulfur hydrolysis.

As a nonmetallic charge carrier, ammonium ion (NH₄⁺) has garnered significant attention in the construction of aqueous batteries due to its advantages of low molar mass, small hydration size and rapid diffusion in aqueous solutions. Polymers are a kind of potential electro-active materials for aqueous NH₄⁺ storage. However, traditional polymer electrodes are typically created by covering the bulky collectors with excessive additives, which could lead to low volume capacity and unsatisfactory stability. Herein, a nanoparticle-like polyimide (PI) was synthesized and then combined with MXene nanosheets to synergistically construct an additive-free and self-standing PI@MXene composite electrode. Significantly, the redox-active PI nanoparticles are enclosed between conductive MXene flakes to create a 3D lamination-like network that promotes electron transmission, while the π-π interactions existing between PI and MXene contribute to the enhanced structural integrity and stability within the composite electrode. As such, it delivers superior aqueous NH₄⁺ storage behaviors in terms of a notable specific capacity of 110.7 mA·h·cm^–3 and a long lifespan with only 0.0064% drop each cycle. Furthermore, in-situ Raman and UV–Vis examinations provide evidence of reversible and stable redox mechanism of the PI@MXene composite electrode during NH₄⁺ uptake/removal, highlighting its significance in the area of electrochemical energy storage.

NaBH₄ was widely regarded as a low-cost hydrogen storage material due to its high-mass hydrogen capacity of approximately 10.8% (mass) and high volumetric hydrogen capacity of around 115 g·L^–1. However, it exhibits strong stability and requires temperatures above 500 °C for hydrogen release in practical applications. In this study, two polyhydric alcohols, xylitol and erythritol (XE), were prepared as a binary eutectic sugar alcohol through a grinding-melting method. This binary eutectic sugar alcohol was used as a proton-hydrogen carrier to destabilize NaBH₄. The 19NaBH₄-16XE composite material prepared by ball milling could start releasing hydrogen at 57.5 °C, and the total hydrogen release can reach over 88.8% (4.45% (mass)) of the theoretical capacity. When the 19NaBH₄-16XE composite was pressed into solid blocks, the volumetric hydrogen capacity of the block-shaped composite could reach 67.2 g·L^–1. By controlling the temperature, the hydrogen desorption capacity of the NaBH₄-XE composite material was controllable, which has great potential for achieving solid-state hydrogen production from NaBH₄.

With the growing concern about the water environment, the advanced oxidation process of persulfate activation assisted by photocatalysis has attracted considerable attention to decompose dissolved organic micropollutants. In this work, to overcome the drawbacks of the photocatalytic activity reduction caused by the photo-corrosion of non-stoichiometric BiO_2–x, a novel material with amorphous FeOOH in situ grown on layered BiO_2–x to form a core-shell structure similar to popcorn chicken-like morphology was produced in two simple and environmentally beneficial steps. Through a series of degradation activity tests of hybrid materials under different conditions, the as-prepared materials exhibited remarkable degradation activity and stability toward tetracycline in the FeOOH@BiO_2–x/Vis/PS system due to the synergism of photocatalysis and persulfate activation. The results of XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, FTIR, and BET show that the loading of FeOOH increases the specific surface area and active sites appreciably; the heterogeneous structure formed by FeOOH and BiO_2–x is more favorable to the effective separation of photogenerated carriers. The optimal degradation conditions were at a catalyst addition of 0.7 g·L^–1, a persulfate concentration of 1.0 g·L^–1, and an initial pH of 4.5, at which the degradation rate could reach 94.7% after 90 min. The influence of typical inorganic anions on degradation was also examined. ESR studies and radical quenching experiments revealed that ·OH, SO₄^-·, and ·O₂^- were the principal active species generated during the degradation of tetracycline. The results of the 1,10-phenanthroline approach proved that the effect of dissolved iron ions on the tetracycline degradation was limited, and the interfacial reaction that occurs on the active sites on the material's surface was a critical factor. This work provides a novel method for producing efficient broad-spectrum Bismuth-based composite photocatalysts and photocatalytic-activated persulfate synergistic degradation of tetracycline.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are generally toxic and harmful substances that can cause health and environmental problems. The removal of VOCs from polymers has become a key problem. The effective devolatilization to remove VOCs from high viscous fluids such as polymer is necessary and is of great importance. In this study, the devolatilization effect of a rotating packed bed (RPB) was studied by using polydimethylsiloxane as the viscous fluid and acetone as the VOC. The devolatilization rate and liquid phase volume (K_La) have been evaluated. The results indicated that the optimum conditions were the high-gravity factor of 60, liquid flow rate of 10 L·h^-1, and vacuum degree of 0.077 MPa. The dimensionless correlation of K_La was established, and the deviations between predicted and experimental values were less than ±28%. The high-gravity technology will result in lower mass transfer resistance in the devolatilization process, enhance the mass transfer process of acetone, and improve the removal effect of acetone. This work provides a promising path for the removal of volatiles from polymers in combination with high-gravity technology. It can provide the basis for the application of RPB in viscous fluids.

In the coal-to-ethylene glycol (CTEG) process, precisely estimating quality variables is crucial for process monitoring, optimization, and control. A significant challenge in this regard is relying on offline laboratory analysis to obtain these variables, which often incurs substantial monetary costs and significant time delays. The resulting few-shot learning scenarios present a hurdle to the efficient development of predictive models. To address this issue, our study introduces the transferable adversarial slow feature extraction network (TASF-Net), an innovative approach designed specifically for few-shot quality prediction in the CTEG process. TASF-Net uniquely integrates the slowness principle with a deep Bayesian framework, effectively capturing the nonlinear and inertial characteristics of the CTEG process. Additionally, the model employs a variable attention mechanism to identify quality-related input variables adaptively at each time step. A key strength of TASF-Net lies in its ability to navigate the complex measurement noise, outliers, and system interference typical in CTEG data. Adversarial learning strategy using a min-max game is adopted to improve its robustness and ability to model irregular industrial data accurately and significantly. Furthermore, an incremental refining transfer learning framework is designed to further improve few-shot prediction performance achieved by transferring knowledge from the pretrained model on the source domain to the target domain. The effectiveness and superiority of TASF-Net have been empirically validated using a real-world CTEG dataset. Compared with some state-of-the-art methods, TASF-Net demonstrates exceptional capability in addressing the intricate challenges for few-shot quality prediction in the CTEG process.

The self-made MnFeO catalysts doped with cerium and samarium were prepared by impregnation method for low-temperature selective catalytic reduction (SCR) by NH₃. In this work, the surface properties of the series of MnFe-based catalysts were studied. The results indicate Sm-modified catalyst have superior low-temperature SCR activity; NO_x conversion maintained at nearby to 100% at 90 °C to 240 °C. In addition, The N₂ selectivity of Sm doping remains above 80% in the range of 60 °C to 150 °C. In SO₂ poisoning test, the NO_x conversion can be remained >90% after 10 h of reaction. The XPS, NH₃-TPD and H₂-TPR results show the catalyst with Sm doping enhances the acid sites and oxidation catalytic sites of mixed oxides serves for improving oxygen vacancies and transfer electrons. In situ diffuse reflaxions infrared Fourier transformations spectroscopy (DRIFTS) results show that NO_x is more easily adsorbed on the surface after Sm doping, which provided favorable conditions for the NH₃-SCR reaction to proceed. The reaction at the catalyst surface will follow the L-H reaction mechanism by transient reaction test.

Textile dyes are dramatic sources of pollution and non-aesthetic disturbance of aquatic life and therefore represent a potential risk of bioaccumulation that can affect living species. It is imperative to reduce or eliminate these dyes from liquid effluents with innovative biomaterials and methods. Therefore, this research aims to highlight the performance of Capparis spinosa L waste-activated carbon (CSLW-AC) adsorbent to remove crystal violet (CV) from an aqueous solution. The mechanism of CV adsorption on CSLW-AC was evaluated based on the coupling of experimental data and different characterization techniques. The efficiency of the CSLW-AC material reflected by the equilibrium adsorption capacity of CV could reach more than 195.671 mg·g^–1 when 0.5 g·L^–1 of CSLW-AC (Particle size ≤250 μm) is introduced into the CV of initial concentration of 100 mg·L^–1 at pH 6 and temperature 65 °C and in the presence of potassium ions after 60 min of contact time according to the one parameter at a time studies. The adsorption behavior of CV on CSLW-AC was found to be consistent with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Frumkin's linear isothermal model. The thermodynamic aspects indicate that the process is physical, spontaneous, and endothermic. The optimization of the process by the Box Behnken design of experiments resulted in an adsorption capacity approaching 183.544 mg·g^–1 ([CV] = 100 mg·L^–1 and [CSLW-AC] = 0.5 g·L^–1 at 35 min). The results of the Lactuca sativa seeds germination in treated CV (70%), adsorbent solvent and thermal regeneration (more than 5 cycles), and process cost analysis (1.0484 USD·L^–1) tests are encouraging and promising for future exploitations of the CSLW-AC material in different industrial fields.