The hydrodynamics and solids mixing behavior in a riser with blunt internals are studied. A
uniformradial distribution for solids fraction and particle velocity achieves near the
internals. The turbulent velocityof particles near the wall increases with the addition of
the internals, with the lateral solids mixing enhancedsignificantly. Probability density
distribution of particle velocity is bimodal in the riser with internals, which issimilar
to that in the conventional riser, indicating that no significant difference in the micro
flow structure existsbetween the riser with internals and the conventional riser. At the
same time, the axial solids mixing behaviorchanges insignificantly with the addition of
internals. These results indicate that the micro flow structure in theriser is very stable,
which changes insignificantly with the change of the bed structure.

In order to understand the interaction between large-scale vortex structure and particles,
a two-waycoupling temporal mixing layer laden with particles at a Stokes number of 5 with
different mass loading plantedinitially in the upper half region is numerically studied.
The pseudospectral method is used for the flow fluid andthe Lagrangian approach is employed
to trace particles. The momentum coupling effect introduced by a particle isapproximated to
a point force. The simulation results show that the coherent structures are still dominant
in themixing layer, but the large-scale vortex structure and particle dispersion are
modulated. The length of large-scalevortex structure is shortened and the pairing is
delayed. At the same time, the particles are distributed more evenlyin the whole flow field
as the mass loading is increased, but the particle dispersion along the transverse
directiondiffers from that along the spanwise direction, which indicates that the effect by
the addition of particle on thespanwise large-scale vortex structure is different from the
streamwise counterpart.

Membrane-based separation processes are new technology combined membrane separation with
conven-tional separation. Hydrophobic porous membranes are often used in these processes.
The structure of hydrophobicporous membrane has significant effect on mass transfer
process. The permeabilities of five kinds of gas, He, N2,O2, CO2 and water vapor, across
six polytetrafiuoroethylene(PTFE) flat membranes were tested experimentally.Results
indicated that the greater the membrane mean pore size and the wider the pore size
distribution are, thehigher the gas permeability. A gas permeation model, including the
effects of membrane structure parameter and gasproperties, was established. A comprehensive
characteristic parameter (including porosity, thickness and tortuosity)was found more
effective to express the influence of membrane structure in gas permeation process. The
predictedpermeation coefficients were in good agreement with experimental data.

The ozonation of Cationic Red X-GRL in a semi-batch reactor was studied with variation of
the gas flowrate, initial Cationic Red X-GRL concentration, temperature, and pH value. By
the evaluation of the liquid masstransfer coefficient, the interfacial area, and the
stoichiometric ratio between ozone and Cationic Red X-GRL, therate constants and the
kinetic regime of the reaction between ozone and Cationic Red X-GRL were investigated
byapplying the experimental data to a model based on the film mass transfer theory. The
results obtained support asecond order overall reaction, first order with respect to both
ozone and dye, and the rate constants were correlatedby a modified Arrhenius Equation of
temperature and pH value with activation energy of 18.06kJ@mol-1. Hattanumber of the
reaction was found to be between 0.026 and 0.041, it indicates that the reaction occurs in
the liquidbulk, corresponding to the slow kinetic regime.

The XG equation, which is developed by us previously for describing the adsorption
equilibrium of purevapor on activated carbon, is extended to multi-component system.
Verified by experimental data, the extendedXG equation was found to be more successful in
predicting the adsorption equilibrium of vapor mixture on activatedcarbon than the extended
Langmuir equation, the extended BET equation and the ideal adsorbed solution theory(IAST).

Semi-batch crystallization of 7-amino-desacetoxycephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA) is a
complicated pro-cess, in which agglomeration occurs together with nucleation and crystal
growth. To systematically study such aprocess, experiments were conducted to estimate the
crystallization thermodynamics and kinetics, and then theprocess was simulated by a
numerical method. The application of Monte Carlo concept in the algorithm to
describeagglomeration event offers an alternative approach of solving the population
balance, the intrinsic simplicity of whichallows us to investigate several mechanisms and
include several internal coordinates in the analysis. Furthermore,present study may be a
valuable paradigm for other semi-batch crystallization processes.

Griseofulvin (GF) is an antifungal drug whose pharmaceutical activity can be improved by
reducingparticle size. In this study the rapid expansion of supercritical solution (RESS)
was employed to micronize GF.Carbon dioxide with cosolvent acetone was chosen as a
supercritical mixed solvent. The solubility of GF in super-critical CO2 with cosolvent
acetone was measured using a dynamic apparatus at pressures between 12 and 32
MPa,temperatures at 313, 323 and 333K and cosolvent concentration at 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0%
(by mole). The effect ofpre-expansion pressure, extraction temperature, spraying distance,
nozzle size and concentration of cosolvent on theprecipitated particles was investigated.
The results show that the mean particle size of griseofulvin precipitated byRESS was less
than 1.2 μm. An increase in pre-expansion pressure, extraction temperature, spraying
distance andconcentration of cosolvent resulted in a decrease in particle size under the
operating condition studied. With thedecrease of nozzle diameter the particle size reduces.
The crystallinity and melting point of the original material andthe processed particle by
RESS were tested by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).No
evident modification in the crystal habit was found under the experimental conditions
tested. The morphologyof particles precipitated was analyzed by scanning electron
microscopy (SEM).

Absorption rate of CO2 into aqueous solution of N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) blended with
di-ethanolamine (DEA) and piperazine (PZ) was studied and a kinetic model was established.
It is shown thathomogeneous activation mechanism could explain this absorption process. The
absorption rate coefficients of car-bon dioxide into MDEA aqueous solution blended with
DEA, PZ or DEA+PZ were compared with each other. Theresults demonstrated that the different
activation effect of DEA, PZ and DEA+PZ on the carbon dioxide absorptioncomes from the
difference in CO2 combination rate, transport of PZ and DEA to MDEA and the regeneration
rateof PZ and DEA.

In order to understand the behavior of ligninolytic enzyme production by white rot fungi
Phanerochaetechrysosporium, study on time courses and a mathematical model for the
production of lignin peroxidase (LiP) andmanganese peroxidase (MnP) of the fungi was
undertaken. Based on the Monod-Jacob operon model, the ligninolyticenzyme would be
synthesized in the absence of a related repressor. The repressor is assumed to be active in
thepresence of ammonia nitrogen, and as combined as co-repressor, it causes the inhibition
of enzyme synthesis. Themodel can explain the mechanism of extracellular ligninolytic
enzyme production by white rot fungi. The results,as predicted by the model, correspond
closely to those observed in experimental studies. In addition, some lightis also shed on
unmeasured variables, such as the concentrations of repressor and mRNA that are related to
theenzyme synthesis.

Micromixing in the submerged circulative impinging stream reactor (SCISR) developed by the
authorsis investigated with the Bourne’s reaction scheme. The values measured for the
impinging velocity, u0, underthe conditions of SCISR normal operation, only is of the order
of 0.1 m.s-1, are much slower than that inferred,suggesting low power requirement for
operation. The values of the characteristic time constant for micromixing,tM, determined in
the impinging velocity range of 0.184m@s-1 ＜ u0 ＜ 0.326m@s-1 are ranged from 192ms to87
ms, showing that impinging streams promotes micromixing very efficiently. The data follow
approximately therelationship of tM ∝ u0-1.5. A comparative study shows that the
micromixing performance of SCISR is much betterthan that of the traditional stirred tank
reactor. The tM values predicted with the existing theoretical model aresystematically
longer than those measured by about 2-3 times, implying that the regularity of impinging
streamspromoting micromixing is unclear yet.

Lead has caused serious environmental pollution due to its toxicity, accumulation in food
chains andpersistence in nature. In this paper, removal of lead from aqueous solutions is
investigated using a novel geladsorbent synthesized from natural condensed tannin. The
novel adsorbent performs in aqueous solutions as a weakbase with valid basic groups of 1.2
mmol.g-1 tannin gel particles and therefore results in the elevation of pH valueof aqueous
solutions. Even when initial pH is 3.6, final pH at equilibrium can climb up to 6.5 that is
above the pHvalue for Pb(OH)2 precipitation formation and then lead can be removed from
wastewater by this so-called surfaceprecipitation. The adsorption isotherm can be expressed
by the Langmuir equation and the maximum capacity foradsorption of Pb is up to 92mg.g-1
(based on dry adsorbent) when initial pH value is 3.6. Hence, the adsorbentdoes offer
favorable properties in lead removal with respect to its high adsorption capacity at low
initial pH value,which is advantageous to lead removal from acidic wastewater. A model is
put forward to describe the individualadsorption phenomenon of the tannin gel adsorbent.

Suspended emulsion polymerization of vinyl chloride was carried out in a 5 L autoclave. The
influenceof agitation, polymerization conversion, dispersant and surfactant on the average
particle size (PS) and particle sizedistribution (PSD), particle morphology and porosity of
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin was investigated. It showedthat the agitator had great
influence on the smooth operation of polymerization, PS and PSD. The PS increasedand PSD
became narrow as polymerization conversion became high. The porosity decreased with the
increase ofconversion. A convenient choice of additives, both dispersants and non-ionic
surfactants, allows one to adjust PSand PSD. The PS decreased with the addition of
polyvinyl alcohol or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose dispersants,and increased with the
addition of Span surfactants. The addition of dispersants or surfactants also affected
themorphology and porosity of resin, and PVC resin with looser agglomeration and
homogeneous distribution of primaryparticles was prepared.

It is believed that whether the instantaneous objective function curves of plug-flow-
reactor (PFR) andcontinuous-stirred-tank-reactor (CSTR) overlap or not, they have a
consistent changing trend for complex reactions(steady state, isothermal and constant
volume). As a result of the relation of the objective functions (selectivity oryield) to
the instantaneous objective functions (instantaneous selectivity or instantaneous reaction
rate), the optimalreactor network configuration can be determined according to the changing
trend of the instantaneous objectivefunction curves. Further, a recent partition strategy
for the reactor network synthesis based on the instantaneousobjective function
characteristic curves is proposed by extending the attainable region partition strategy
from theconcentration space to the instantaneous objective function-unreacted fraction of
key reactant space. In this paper,the instantaneous objective function is closed to be the
instantaneous selectivity and several samples are examinedto illustrate the proposed
method. The comparison with the previous work indicates it is a very convenient
andpractical systematic tool of the reactor network synthesis and seems also promising for
overcoming the dimensionlimit of the attainable region partition strategy in the
concentration space.

The shooting method and the difference method are used for numerical simulation of CO2
absorptionwith aqueous solution of methyldiethanolamine (MDEA). It is demonstrated that
these methods are available forthe steady-state model, which may be expressed as a set of
differential algebraic equations (DAEs) with two-pointboundary values. This method makes it
possible not only to obtain the concentration profiles for MDEA system, butalso to reveal
the effect of CO2 interfacial concentration on the enhancement factor. With this numerical
simulation,the mass transfer process with multicomponent diffusion and reactions can be
better understood.

A novel simple two-dimensional square-lattice model of amphiphile at oil-water interface is
developed,in which oil and water act as solvent and occupy empty sites and amphiphile
occupies chains of sites. In thismodel, the oil-water interface is fixed, And amphiphile
molecules will be enriched at the oil-water interface. Theinterfacial concentration of
amphiphile calculated by Monte Carlo method shows that it is easier for the hydrophilic-
hydrophobic balanced amphiphile to stay at the interface. And the adsorption of amphiphile
increases with theincrease of amphiphile concentration and the decrease with temperature.

In order to obtain solubility data of propylene in 2-butanol+water solutions, gas-liquid
equilibrium(GLE) experiment was carried out at 303.15-333.15 K, 0.3-1.2 MPa with static
equilibrium still. Original massratios of 2-butanol to water are 1: 0, 9: 1, 8: 2 and 7: 3,
respectively. The equilibrium data are correlated with anempirical correlation. The average
relative deviation (ARD) between experimental and calculated values is 2.15%,and the
maximum relative deviation (MRD) is less than 5%.

An affinity adsorbent, Cibacron Blue 3GA immobilized magnetic polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)
microsphereswas used for bilirubin removal taking the advantage of easy separation of
magnetic sorbent from the biosystem.Fe3 O4 superparamagnetic particles was synthesized with
hydrothermal reaction of ferrous chloride (FeCl2) and ferricchloride (FeCl3). Such magnetic
particles are then encapsulated in biocompatible PVA to form magnetic polymermicrospheres
sized from 2 to 15 nm with hydroxyl groups on its surface. Cibacron Blue 3GA, a dye-ligand,
wascovalently coupled with the polyvinyl alcohol through the nucleophilic reaction between
the chloride of its triazinering and the hydroxyl groups of PVA molecules under alkaline
condition. The affinity adsorbent carried 21.1 μmolCibacron Blue 3GA per gram magnetic
polymer microspheres was used to remove unconjugated and conjugatedbilirubin from the
solution which was composed of bilirubin or bilirubin and protein. After the adsorption,
theadsorbent loaded with bilirubin was removed easily in the magnetic field.

Expanded bed adsorption (EBA) is an integrative downstream processing technique for the
purificationof biological substances directly from unclarified feedstock. In this study,
molecular chaperone GroEL, an importantprotein folding helper both in vivo and in vitro,
was purified by the single-step EBA technique from the unclarifiedhomogenate of recombinant
E. coli cells. Compared with packed bed adsorption, the EBA technique provideda single-step
approach to yield an electrophoretic purity of GroEL. After the homogenate loading and
columnwashing in the expanded bed mode, the GroEL protein was recovered by stepwise salt-
gradient elution in packed-bed or expanded-bed modes, respectively. The expanded-bed
elution mode was found as efficient as the packed-bedmode in the purification of GroEL from
cell disruptate.

A culture of Lithospermum erythrorhizon adsorbed on fungal cell wall polysaccharides, a
novel bio-adsorbent made from fnngal cell wall, has been established in this paper. Three
steps were involved in this immo-bilization. The first step was preparation of suspended
plant cells from tightly aggregated plant cell clumps. Thedisassembled ratio of 0.715g.g-1
(the disassembled cells over total cells) was obtained under optimum conditionfor the
enzymatic reaction. Then, the adsorption of plant cells onto fungal cell wall
polysaccharides was conductedand the saturated capacity of 12 g cell per gram of carrier
was obtained in adsorption immobilization. Finally, theculture of cells adsorbed on fungal
cell wall polysaccharides was compared with that of cells entrapped in alginateor
suspension cell culture. While exposed to in situ liquid paraffin extraction coupled with
cell culture, the shikoninproductivity of immobilized cells by adsorption was 10.67 g.L-1,
which was 1.8 times of that in suspension cultureand 1.5 times of that entrapped in
alginate.

The hydrodynamic characteristics generated by the standard Rushton or 45°-upward pitched-
blade-turbine (PBT) impellers in a baffled reactor are numerically simulated for different
off-bottom clearances (C = 1/3Hand 1/2H) and agitator speeds (100, 150, 200, 250 and
300r.min-1) by using FLUENT code (Version 5.4). Theresults are compared with the
experimental and simulated data in the published papers and good agreement isobserved. The
shapes of the profile of mean velocities seem independent to the speed of agitators under
theexperimental conditions (100-300 r.min-1).

The Monte Carlo method was employed to simulate diffusion and reaction processes within
three-dimensional porous catalyst pellets. The porous pellets used were represented by a
Menger sponge and a uniform-pore structure respectively. Results obtained from the fractal
pellet showed an intermediate low-slope asymptote inthe logarithmic plot of reaction rate
and reaction probability. However, the low-slope one did not appear when thereaction
occurred within the uniform pellet. Moreover, it was certified that the fractal structure
not only generateda new asymptote, but also reduced diffusion resistance of reactants and
products.

An experimental study on the axial dispersion of liquid was carried out in a 0.382-m-ID
flotation columnpacked with different structured packings or free of packings. The
correlations of axial Peclet numbers with theliquid and gas superficial Reynolds numbers
were developed for various packings. Among the packings tested, itis found that in the
column packed with 250Y or 350Y packings the axial dispersion is the lowest. The additionof
frother can decrease the axial dispersion. By the simulation analysis of the one-dimension
dispersion model ofpacked flotation column, it is found that small axial dispersion, high
collection rate constant and low axial liquidvelocity can increase the collection zone
recovery.

Octacosanol is purified by agitated short-path distillation (SPD). Effects of evaporation
temperature,number of SPD steps in series and other distillation method on the octacosanol
recovery and decomposition arestudied. Although the experimental results indicate some
decomposition when the mixture of higher primaryaliphatic alcohols is distillated by SPD,
SPD is still an effective method to purify octacosanol. It is concluded thatevaporation
temperature affects greatly on the purity and recovery of octacosanol.

A poly (St-co-BA) latex was successfully synthesized by using an organic-inorganic hybrid
compound(OIHC), an aliphatic carboxylate sodium/nano-silica composite, as the emulsifier,
and investigated by particlesize analyzer, transmission electron microscope (TEM), optical
contact angle measurement (OCA) and dynamicmechanical analyzer (DMA). It was found that the
protective agent, sodium polyacrylate (PA),could obviouslyimprove the polymerization
stability and the functional monomer, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), could enhancethe store
stability of the latex. The particle size of poly(St-co-BA) latex decreased and then
leveled off as OIHCcontent increased. TEM shows that the prepared polymers were actually
organic-inorganic nanocomposites, andthese films have better waterproof property than those
prepared by traditional poly(St-co-BA) latex or organicsilicone modified poly(St-co-BA)
latex. The nanocomposite polymer has much higher glass transition temperaturethan organic
silicone modified poly(St-co-BA) polymer containing the same organic silicone content.