Chemical engineering has played an important role in the development of petrochemical
industry. Some important advances in chemical engineering have been discussed in detail, i.
e. petroleum refining, organic chemicals,synthetic resin, synthetic fibers and relevant raw
materials, synthetic rubber, and process energy integration. The main business targets of
China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation (SINOPEC Corp.) and the focus of further researches
axe also addressed.

A model is proposed to predict boiling heat transfer coefficient in a three-phase
circulating fluidized bed (CFB), which is a new type of evaporation boiling means for
enhancing heat transfer and preventing fouling. To verify the model, experiments are
conducted in a stainless steel column with 39 mm ID and 2.0 m height, in which the heat
transfer coefficient is measured for different superficial velocities, steam pressures,
particle concentrations and materials of particle. As the steam pressure and particle
concentrations increase, the heat transfer coefficient in the bed increases. The heat
transfer coefficient increases with the liquid velocity but it exhibits a local minimum.The
heat transfer coefficient is correlated with cluster renewed model and two-mechanism
method. The prediction of the model is in good agreement with experimental data.

Many methods have been proposed for synthesis of heat exchanger networks in recent years,
most of which consider single pass exchangers. In this study some evolutionary rules have
been proposed for synthesis of multipass exchanger networks. The method is based on the
heuristic that optimal networks should feature maximum energy recovery and have the minimum
number of shells. The effectiveness of the developed evolutionary rules is demonstrated
through some literature examples.

Heat transfer characteristics are studied for gas carrying evaporation with fluidized solid
particles in a vertical rectangular conduit. Experimental results show that heat transfer
of gas carrying evaporation is enhanced and the superheat of liquid in contact with heating
surface lowers remarkably by introducing solid particles. Nucleate boiling on the heating
surface is suppressed to a considerable degree. The mechanism of heat transfer enhancement
by fluidized solid particles is analyzed with the consideration of collisions of solid
particles with the boiling vapor bubbles.

The gas-liquid mass transfer of H2 and CO in a high temperature and high-pressure three-
phase slurry bubble column reactor is studied. The gas-liquid volumetric mass transfer
coefficients κLα are obtained by measuring the dissolution rate of H2 and CO. The
influences of the main operation conditions, such as temperature, pressure, superficial gas
velocity and solid concentration, are studied systematically. Two empirical correlations
are proposed to predict κLα values for H2 and CO in liquid paraffin/solid particles
slurry bubble column reactors.

Microparticle formation and crystallization rate of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-
tetraazacyclooctane (HMX) in acetone solution using supercritical carbon dioxide
antisolvent (GAS) recrystallization were studied. Scanning electronic microscopy, X-ray
diffraction and infrared radiation were used to examine particle size, crystallinity and
chemical structure. The results show that β-HMX microparticle in different average size
(2-9.5μm) and with narrow size distribution were obtained by controlling the
expansibility, expansion speed, initial concentration and temperature during
recrystallization of HMX. The formation of nuclei may be a main cause of consumption of
solute when the solution is expanded rapidly enough and the equilibrium concentration is
lower, in which almost monodisperse microparticle can be obtained.

The general mathematical model for batch cooling crystallization was established based on
the popula tion balance equation considering the change of slurry volume, and simulated
with crystallization thermodynamics, kinetics and mass balance employing bed voidage. In
the system of vitamin C-water-ethanol, reliability of this model was verified by comparison
between simulation results and experimental data. The effects of operation parameters on
product quality can be systematically investigated by modeling simulation.

By avoiding or reducing the production of waste, waste minimization is an effective
approach to solve the pollution problem in chemical industry. Process integration supported
by multi-objective optimization provides a framework for process design or process retrofit
by simultaneously optimizing on the aspects of environment and economics. Multi-objective
genetic algorithm is applied in this area as the solution approach for the multi-objective
optimization problem.

Multirate multivariable predictive control system with the sampling mechanism that adjusts
the plant inputs only once but detects the plant outputs several times during a period is
examined. The IMC structure of the system is derived, and its robust stability and zero
steady state error characteristics are analyzed. A new control algorithm is developed by
adding the variation of the outputs to the index performance. The simulation results show
that the method is effective and has zeros steady-state error.

Rapid fouling tests were used to investigate the scale-preventing property of ZX type scale
inhibitors in evaporation of salt electrolyte. ZX type scale inhibitors were tested at high
temperature under the boiling conditions. The results indicate that ZX type scale
inhibitors have remarkable scale preventing performance during evaporation of salt
electrolyte even at the temperature up to 150℃. Among them, ZX Ⅲ type scale inhibitor is
the best with the rate of scale-preventing reaching to 88.9%. In addition, the scale
preventing mechanism of ZX type scale inhibitors was analyzed and its application prospect
in the field of continuous commercial fouling preventing discussed.

Zero net-liquid flow (ZNLF) is a special case of upward gas-liquid two-phase flow. It is a
phenomenon observed as a gas-liquid mixture flows in a conduit but the net liquid flow rate
is zero. Investigation on the liquid holdup of ZNLF is conducted in a vertical ten-meter
tube with diameter of 76 mm, both for Newtonian and non Newtonian fluids. The gas phase is
air. The Newtonian fluid is water and the non-Newtonian fluids are water-based guar gel
solutions. The correlations developed for predicting liquid holdup on the basis of
Lockhart-Martinelli parameter are not suitable to ZNLF. A constitutive correlation for the
liquid holdup of vertical ZNLF was put forward by using the mass balance. It is found that
the liquid holdup in ZNLF is dependent on both the gas flow rate and the flow distribution
coefficient.

Effect of bluff internals on the hydrodynamics and lateral gas mixing was studied in a
0.186m ID high-density riser. With the bluff internals, the extremely non-uniform radial
profiles of solid fraction and particle velocity become flat and the dense downflow layer
near the wall disappears, indicating the significant enhancement of solid turbulence
introduced by the internals. The fluctuation velocity and solid fraction transient signal
analysis indicates a significant increase in fluctuation intensity near the wall region.
The length influenced by the internals on the flow structure is about 1 meter. The lateral
gas dispersion coefficient increases significantly as the bluff internals exist in the
riser.

Hydrogen production by partial oxidation steam reforming of methanol over a Cu/ZnO/Al2 O3
cata lyst has been paid more and more attention. The chemical equilibria involved in the
methanol partial oxidation steam reforming reaction network such as methanol partial
oxidation, methanol steam reforming, decomposition of methanol and water-gas shift reaction
have been examined over the ranges of temperature 473-1073 K under normal pressure. Based
on the detailed kinetics of these reactions over a Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst, and from the
basic concept of the effectiveness factor, the intraparticle diffusion limitations were
taken into account. The effec tiveness factors for each reaction along the bed length were
calculated. Then important results were offered for the simulation of this reaction
process.

Effect of fluid elasticity and shear-thinning viscosity on the chaotic mixing between two
alternately rotating cylinders has been studied. The h-p finite element method is used to
obtain high accurate solutions of the steady flow. The unsteady, periodic flow is simulated
using the piecewise-steady approximation. Characteristics of the chaotic mixing are
analyzed by examining the asymptotic coverage of a passive tracer and the lineal stretching
of the fluid elements in the annulus. For the viscoelastic fluids modeled by the upper-
convected Maxwell constitutive equation (UCM), our computation predicts little effect of
the fluid elasticity on the mixing patterns. On the other hand, the shear-thinning
viscosity, modeled by the Carreau equation, has a large impact on the advection of a
passive tracer and the distribution of lineal stretching. We find that the zones of the
lowest stretching match remarkably well with the regular zones in the tracer-coverage
plotting. Our study reveals the vital importance of reducing the discretization errors of
the velocity field in the numerical simulation of chaotic flows.

A new synthetic method of ciprofloxacin is started with 2,4-dichloro-5-fluoroacetophenone,
via oxaly lation, ethoxymethylenation, amination, cyclization, hydrolysis, decarbonylation
and piperazination. The reaction temperature is moderate and the operation is easily
controlled. Additional four new compounds are prepared by the method.

The reversed micelles were formed with cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as
surfac tant and n-hexanol as cosolvent in the CTAB (50mmol.L-1)/hexanol (15% by
volume)/hexane system. Cibacron Blue 3GA (CB) as an affinity ligand in the aqueous phase
was directly introduced to the reversed micelles with electrostatic interaction between
anionic CB and cationic surfactant. High molecular weight (Mr) protein, yeast alcohol
dehydrogenase (YADH, Mr = 141000) from baker’s yeast, has been purified using the affinity
reversed micelles by the phase transfer method. Various parameters, such as CB
concentration, pH and ionic strength, on YADH forward and backward transfer were studied.
YADH can be transferred into and out from the reversed mi celles under mild conditions
(only by regulation of solution pH and salt concentration) with the successful recovery of
most YADH activity. Both forward and backward extractions occurred when the aqueous phase
pH＞pI with electrostatic attraction between YADH and CTAB. The recovery of YADH activity
and purification factor have been improved with addition of a small amount of affinity CB.
The recovery of YADH activity obtained was ～99% and the purification factor was about 4.0
-fold after one cycle of full forward and backward extraction. The low ionic strength in
the initial aqueous phase might be responsible for the YADH transfer into the reversed
micellar phase.

The applicability of the density rule of Pathwardhan and Kumer and the rule based on the
linear isopiestic relation is studied by comparison with experimental density data in the
literature. Predicted and measured values for 18 electrolyte mixtures are compared. The two
rules are good for mixtures with and without common ions, including those containing
associating ions. The deviations of the rule based on the linear isopiestic relation are
slightly higher for the mixtures involving very strong ion complexes, but the predictions
are still quite satisfactory. The density rule of Pathwardhan and Kumer is more accurate
for these mixtures. However, it is not applicable for mixtures containing non-electrolytes.
The rule based on the linear isopiestic relation is extended to mixtures involving non-
electrolytes. The predictions for the mixtures containing both electrolytes and non-
electrolytes and the non-electrolyte mixtures are accurate. All these results indicate that
this rule is a widely applicable approach.

High-pressure phase behavior of supercritical (SC) CO2+ethanol system was investigated at
333.2 K, 348.2 K, 353.2 K, 368.2 K, 413.2 K and 453.2 K and pressure from 2.0 MPa to 14.3
MPa. The measurement was carried out in a cylindrical autoclave with a moveable piston and
a window for adjustment and observation of phase equilibria at given T and p. The samples
were taken from two coexisting phases and were analyzed to obtain their compositions. It is
shown that the solubility of SC CO2 in ethanol increases drastically with pressures at the
given temperature, but the content of ethanol in CO2-rich phase increase faintly.

Ionic partition equilibrium in charged membrane immersed in solution of single electrolyte
with mono valence or multi-valence is systematically investigated and several expressions
are established for determination of partition coefficients. On this basis, the effects of
the ratio of membrane charge density to bulk electrolyte solution concentration, the charge
sign and valence of electrolyte ions and the type of membrane on the partition equilibrium
were analyzed and simulated within chosen parameters. It is revealed that ion partition is
not related solely with the respective concentrations but also definitely with the
concentration ratio of fixed group to bulk solution in addition to the charge sign and the
valence. For a counterion, the partition coefficient increases with this ratio and the
valence; while for a coion, the partition coefficient decreases with this ratio and the
valence. The theoretical calculations were compared with the experimental data and a good
agreement was observed.

The incipient condition of hang-up for three Geldart-D powders has been experimentally
studied in a 21 m long standpipe hopper system. Experimental results show that the pressure
gradient for hang-up to occur is independent of the materials height in the hopper and the
diameter of orifice and equals to (dpw/dl)s, which can be predicted by Eq. (7). While the
corresponding gas velocity in the standpipe equals to the incipient fluidized velocity of
particles at the high pressure and can be predicted by Kwauk’s equation.