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English
本期目录
2006年 第14卷 第4期 刊出日期:2006-08-28
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REVIEWS
从生物量生产丙烯酸的研究和开发进展
许晓波, 林建平, 岑沛霖
. 2006, 14(4): 419-427. doi:
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The shortage of petroleum has resulted in worldwide efforts to produce chemicals from renewable resources. Among these attempts, the possibility of producing acrylic acid from biomass has caught the eye of many researchers. Converting the carbohydrates first to lactic acid by fermentation and then dehydrating lactic acid to acrylic acid is hitherto the most effective way for producing acrylic acid from biomass. While the lactic acid fer-mentation has been commercialized since longer times, the dehydration process of lactic acid is still under devel-opment because of its low yield. Further efforts should be made before this process became economically feasible. Because of the existence of acrylic acid pathways in some microorganisms, strain improvement and metabolic en-gineering provides also a possibility to produce acrylic acid directly from biomass by fermentation.
TRANSPORT PHENOMENA & FLUID MECHANICS
浸没循环撞击流反应器内的压力波动
孙怀宇,伍沅, 徐成海
. 2006, 14(4): 428-434. doi:
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Pressure fluctuation in the submerged circulative impinging stream reactor (SCISR) is studied by measuring the dynamic pressure with micro pressure sensors of high accuracy, with water as the process material. Experimental results show that the maximum amplitude of fluctuation can be up to about 1.6kPa. On the power spectra the fluctuation is relatively concentrated in the range of <1000Hz, with some weak peeks in acoustic wave range. The space profile of intensive fluctuation region in the reactor is determined. The region is found to take the form of a couple truncated cones of empty core, with coincided bottoms, and is symmetrical with respect to the impinging plane and approximately symmetrical about the axis, essentially independent of u0. The integral intensity of fluctua-tion increases as the impinging velocity, u0 increasing.
低比转速高速复合离心叶轮的流动模拟和试验研究
崔宝玲,朱祖超, 张剑慈, 陈鹰
. 2006, 14(4): 435-441. doi:
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Based on the Navier-Stokes equations and the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model, three-dimensional turbulent flow in four low-specific-speed centrifugal impellers are simulated numerically and analyzed. The relative velocity distribution, pressure distribution and static pressure rise at the design point are obtained for the regular impeller with only long blades and three complex impellers with long, mid or short blades. It is found that the back flow region between long-blade pressure side and mid-blade suction side is diminished and is pushed to pressure side of short blades near the outlet of impeller at suction side by the introduction of mid, short blades, and the size of back flow becomes smaller in a multi-blade complex impeller. And the pressure rises uniformly from inlet to outlet in all the impellers. The simulated results show that the complex impeller with long, mid and short blades can improve the velocity distribution and reduce the back flow in the impeller channel. The experimental results show that the back flow in the impeller has an important influence on the performance of pump and a more-blade complex impeller with long, mid and short blades can effectively solve low flow rate instability of the low-specific-speed centrifugal pump.
垂直上升管内有水平柱体时气液两相局部流型转变的研究
胡志华, 杨燕华, 刘磊, 周芳德
. 2006, 14(4): 442-449. doi:
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The upward multiphase cross flow and heat transfer in the vertical tube may occur in oil production and chemical facilities. In this study, the local flow patterns of an upward gas-water two phase cross flow in a vertical tube with a horizontal rod have been investigated with an optical probe and the digital high speed video system. The local flow patterns are defined as the bubble, slug, churn and annular flow patterns. Optical probe signals are analyzed in terms of probability density function, and it is proved that the local flow patterns can be recognized by this method. The transition mechanisms between the different flow patterns have been analyzed and the corresponding transitional models are proposed. Finally, local flow pattern maps of the upward gas-water two-phase flow in the vertical tube with a horizontal rod are constructed.
氨基酸在非牛顿流体中的扩散
朱春英,段志青, 高习群, 马友光, 余国琮
. 2006, 14(4): 450-455. doi:
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The amino acids are necessarily nutritious components, their diffusions in body fluid and blood that belong to typical non-Newtonian fluid are of virtual importance to control the diffusive process and help clinical treatment. In this article, a holographic interferometer has been adopted to measure the diffusivity of amino acids in non-Newtonian fluid with the use of real-time holographic interference technique. In order to prove the reliability of the experimental instrument, the diffusivities of sucrose aqueous solution at 298.15K were determined. The meas-ured result displays a satisfactory accuracy of the apparatus used. Furthermore, the diffusion coefficients of glynine, L-serine, L-threonine and L-valine in polyacrylamide (PAM) aqueous solution at 298.15K were measured, respec-tively. The experimental data were fitted by a newly proposed correlation equation based on Li’s predictive model. The calculating results by the present model are at considerably good agreement with experimental values, and the maximum average deviation is only 0.5%.
SEPARATION SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
微滤和超滤膜流动电位的四种测量操作方式
王志, 赵媛媛, 叶楠, 王纪孝, 赵之平, 王世昌
. 2006, 14(4): 456-463. doi:
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Surface charge characteristics of a membrane can be determined by the streaming potential. In order to obtain more accurate streaming potential value during the measurement, four measurement operation modes were investigated in this study, and among the four modes, the steady mode with pressure stepped downward was considered the best one. Experimental results showed that the effects of compaction on the streaming potential measurement for a microfiltration membrane was more obvious than that for a ultrafiltration membrane. Both feed pH and presoaking could affect the measurement of streaming potential.
新型多管塔流体力学特性
张鹏飞,黄万福, 池红卫, 王树楹
. 2006, 14(4): 464-470. doi:
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A new type of multi-tube column, in which a novel internal-structure is installed in the bed of random packing, has been invented. The internal-structure reduces the hydraulic radius of the column and adjusts the gas/liquid flow so that the liquid maldistribution is greatly abated. A mathematical model with boundary conditions based on close-open mechanism at the internal-structure was established to study the hydraulic behavior of such a column and experiments were carried out to verify the applicability of the model. Predictions from the model agreed well with experimental results. The optimal ratio of the hydraulic diameter of the new multi-tube column to the packing element diameter is found to be 17.5 to 23.3 by employing the optimization method of nonlinear programming. And this new type of multi-tube column opens a new way for random packing columns to be scaled up for industry.
REACTION KINETICS, CATALYSIS
用作活性物载体聚苯乙烯-二乙烯苯多孔交联微球的悬浮聚合制备及表征
李璐, 程江, 文秀芳, 皮丕辉, 杨卓如
. 2006, 14(4): 471-477. doi:
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Functional porous microspheres used for the slow release carrier of actives in cosmetics or pharmaceuticals were prepared by modified suspension polymerization of styrene (ST) with divinylbenzene (DVB) in the presence of toluene, cyclohexanol and heptane as porogenic diluents. The use of ultrasonic dispersion decreases the beads’ size and improves the uniformity. The effects of the porogen mixture, DVB content and solvent extraction on the surface performance of the synthesized beads were studied. The microspheres were characterized by scanning electron mi-croscopy (SEM) and BET surface area determination. It was found that a great proportion of the non-solvating porogen increases the pore diameter and the specific surface area. High DVB concentration also results in the great specific surface area and porosity. When the ratio of toluene/cyclohexanol is 1:2, DVB content is at the range of 40%—60% and methylene chloride was used as extractant, the beads with good spherical shape and pore size were obtained. The prepared porous microspheres were applied as active carriers and showed satisfactory slow release effect. Over 10h constantly sustained release was observed in vitro releasing test for hydroquinone-loaded microspheres. Great surface area promoted high concentration of released hydroquinone.
负载金属改性活性炭纤维的脱硫性能
王建英, 赵风云, 胡永琪, 赵瑞红, 刘润静
. 2006, 14(4): 478-485. doi:
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Metal-loaded activated carbon fibers (ACFs) were prepared by impregnation and characterized by N2 adsorption at 77K, XRD, XPS and SEM. Their properties on SO2 removal were examined in a tubular fixed bed reactor with a model flue gas. Cobalt-loaded ACF showed the best activity among the prepared metal-loaded ACFs and a constant removal ratio of SO2 above 87% during continuous exposure to the flow of SO2/O2/H2O/N2 at 45℃ for more than 216h. The characteristic of the prepared loaded-ACFs showed that the exceptional activity of Co-ACF was attrib-uted to the high amount of active sites due to modification by loading cobalt.
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
基于部分DPCA的动态系统故障隔离
李荣雨, 荣冈
. 2006, 14(4): 486-493. doi:
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Principal component analysis (PCA) is a useful tool in process fault detection, but offers little support on fault isolation. In this article, structured residual with strong isolation property is introduced. Although it is easy to get the residual by transformation matrix in static process, unfortunately, it becomes hard in dynamic process under control loop. Therefore, partial dynamic PCA(PDPCA) is proposed to obtain structured residual and enhance the isolation ability of dynamic process monitoring, and a compound statistic is introduced to resolve the problem resulting from independent variables in every variable subset. Simulations on continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
THERMODYNAMICS AND CHEMICAL……
由二元亚系的数据预测混合电解质水溶液的活度系数
刘植昌, 刘艳升, 胡玉峰, 曾鹏, 樊栓狮, 梁德青
. 2006, 14(4): 494-504. doi:
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The simple equation relating the activity coefficient of each solute in mixed electrolyte solution to its value in binary solutions under isopiestic equilibrium was tested by comparison with the experimental data for the 18 electrolyte solutions consisting of 1׃1, 1׃2, and 1׃3 electrolytes. The isopiestic measurements were made on the quaternary system BaCl2-NH4Br-NaI-H2O and its ternary subsystems NaI-NH4Br-H2O, NaI-BaCl2-H2O, and NH4Br-BaCl2-H2O at 298.15K. The results were used to test the applicability of the Zdanovskii’s rule to the mixed electrolyte solutions which contain no common ions, and the agreement is excellent. The activity coefficients of the solutes in the above quaternary and ternary systems calculated from the above-mentioned simple equation are in good agreement with the Pitzer’s equation.
BIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOENGINEERING
使用纤维素-钛白粉复合扩张床阴离子吸附剂提取D-2-氯丙酸脱卤酶
雷引林, 金志华, 童微星, 姚善泾, 朱自强
. 2006, 14(4): 505-510. doi:
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The TiO2-densified cellulose composite beads were activated by epichlorohydrin and coupled with diethylamine, to function as an anion exchanger for expanded bed chromatography. The adsorbent exhibited a favorable performance of expanded bed adsorption for proteins, and therefore was applied to the expanded bed recovery of D-2-chloropropionic acid dehalogenase directly from the unclarified homogenate of Pseudomonas sp. NT21. The binding capacity of the dehalogenase was found to be 8.54U•ml-1 adsorbent, and two active peaks were eluted re-spectively at 0.15mol•L-1 and 0.3mol•L-1 (NH4)2SO4. The result indicated that the overall enzyme yield was 68%, with a purification factor of 22. In comparison to other recovery processes, the yield of the expanded bed process rises at least 70%, simultaneously saving a great deal of operation time and costs.
钠盐浓度对厌氧产氢颗粒污泥从蔗糖中产氢的影响
郝小龙, 周明华, 俞汉青, 沈琴琴, 雷乐成
. 2006, 14(4): 511-517. doi:
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This work evaluated the effects of sodium ion concentration, ranging from 0 to 16000mg•L-1(Na+), on the conversion of sucrose to hydrogen by a high-activity anaerobic hydrogen-producing granular sludge. At the optimum sodium ion concentration [1000—2000mg•L-1(Na+)] for hydrogen production at 37℃, the maximum sucrose degradation rate, the specific hydrogen production yield and the specific hydrogen production rate were 393.6—413.1mg•L-1•h-1, 28.04—28.97ml•g-1, 7.52—7.83ml•g-1•h-1, respectively. The specific production yields of propionate, butyrate and valerate decreased with increasing sodium ion concentration, whereas the specific acetate production yield increased, meanwhile the specific production yields of ethanol and caproate were less than 55.3 and 12.6mg•g-1, respectively. The hybrid fermentation composition gradually developed from acetate, propionate and butyrate to acetate with the increase in sodium ion concentration.
PROCESS AND PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY
布洛芬固体脂质微颗粒的制备及其晶体构型研究
龙春霞, 章莉娟, 钱宇
. 2006, 14(4): 518-525. doi:
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An emulsion-congealing technique is used to prepare solid lipid microparticles (SLM) containing ibuprofen with glyceryl behenate, tripalmitin and beewax as excipients. The difference of the solubility parameters between the excipients and ibuprofen are used to analyze their compatibility. Both the solubility parameter analysis and the experimental results show that glyceryl behenate is the best among the three excipients. The solid particles disperse well in aqueous phase when the drug loading reaches 10% (relative to lipid only). Glycerides exhibit marked polymorphism and their rapid rates of crystallization accelerate the formation of metastable crystal modification. The metastable crystal modification characterizes high drug loading capacity but less stability. Increasing the content of lipophilic drug in a lipid matrix facilitates the transformation of excipients to more stable polymorphic forms.
RESEARCH NOTES
氢同位素低温吸附分离的平衡吸附模型
张东辉, 周理, 苏伟, 孙艳
. 2006, 14(4): 526-531. doi:
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The separation of hydrogen and deuterium by cryogenic adsorption was conducted, using the molecular sieve 5A as adsorbent, helium as the carrier gas in a fixed column. The breakthrough curves of hydrogen, deuterium and the mixture of two components in helium carrier gas were measured, a separation factor, approximately 2, for the hydrogen-deuterium binary mixture was obtained. The equilibrium model was built for simulation of the con-centration distribution for single hydrogen, deuterium and their mixture with helium carrier in the fixed column, and the simulation compared well with the experimental results.
磁稳定床轴向液体分散特性
张东利, 张艳君, 张金利, 李晓芳, 卢立祥, 孟祥坤, 慕旭宏
. 2006, 14(4): 532-536. doi:
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Axial liquid dispersion was experimentally studied in liquid-solid and gas-liquid-solid magnetically stabilized beds using the ferromagnetic catalyst of SRNA-4 as the solid phase. The effects of operating factors and fluid characters, such as superficial liquid velocity, superficial gas velocity, magnetic field intensity, liquid viscosity and surface tension, on axial dispersion coefficients of liquid were investigated. The dispersion coefficients increased with the increase of superficial liquid velocity and superficial gas velocity, and decreased with the increase of liquid viscosity, liquid surface tension and magnetic field intensity. A correlation equation of Peclet number was obtained for both liquid-solid and gas-liquid-solid magnetically stabilized bed.
柱型水力旋流器筛分软木浆的评价
卢晓江, 刘世杰
. 2006, 14(4): 537-541. doi:
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Pulp fiber length characterization is addressed in this article. It is suggested that the proposed separation index H(L) is a viable index to the fiber fractionation performance for evaluating hydrocyclones. Fractionation of softwood (coniferous wood) bleached chemithermomechanical pulp (BCTMP) fiber was carried out with a cylindrical hydrocyclone. Pulp fiber length characteristics in different streams were examined using the fiber quality analyzer (FQA), and the cumulative fiber length fraction, the fiber length fraction density function and the separation index H(L) for different streams were obtained. It is found that H(L) is very useful for characterizing the fiber fractionation performance by indicating the separation capacity of hydrocyclone for individual subgroup of fibers in different streams under different operation conditions. Results of H(L) show that there exists a critical fiber length. A higher proportion of fibers longer than the critical fiber length is in the overflow stream, and a higher proportion of fibers shorter than the critical fiber length in the underflow stream. The data obtained from FQA suggest that the split ratio is the most significant parameter for fiber fractionation performance, which is the best when the split ratio is in the range between 0.14 and 0.2. The effect of feed rate on fiber fractionation performance is weak.
葡萄糖及磷酸盐对刺糖多孢菌多杀菌素发酵的影响
金志华, 程休, 岑沛霖
. 2006, 14(4): 542-546. doi:
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The effects of glucose and inorganic phosphate on mycelium growth and spinosad production with Saccharopolyspora spinosa were studied. The results showed that the increase of glucose concentration from 18.6g•L-1 to 58.8g•L-1 could promote the mycelium growth and spinosad production. And when the glucose con-centration increased from 58.8g•L-1 to 79.6g•L-1, no obvious change was detected but a slight drop in spinosad production was observed, whereas, when the glucose concentration increased from 79.6g•L-1 to 115.3g•L-1, sub-stantial decrease in both mycelium growth and spinosad production occurred. The increase of phosphate concentra-tion from 3.68mmol•L-1 to 29.41mmol•L-1 rendered corresponding increase in mycelium growth and spinosad production. When phosphate concentration increased from 29.41mmol•L-1 to 44.12mmol•L-1, mycelium growth slightly increased and spinosad production dropped, while when phosphate concentration increased from 44.12mmol•L-1 to 57.62mmol•L-1, both mycelium growth and spinosad production decreased sharply. Conclusively, the optimal initial concentration of glucose and phosphate is 58.8g•L-1 and 29.41mmol•L-1, respectively. The spinosad fermentation in the production medium containing 58.8g•L-1 glucose and 29.41mmol•L-1 phosphate was scaled up in 5-L fermentation and the spinosad production reached 507mg•L-1, which was 28% higher than that in the flask fermentation.
(
S
)-(+)-2,2-二甲基环丙烷甲酰胺在不同溶剂中溶解度的测定与关联
石晓华, 周彩荣, 高玉国, 陈新志
. 2006, 14(4): 547-550. doi:
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(S)-(+)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carbox amide is a key intermediate of Cilastatin, an inhibitor of de-hydropeptidase-I. Its corresponding solid-liquid equilibrium data will provide essential support for industrial design and further theoretical studies. The solubilities of (S)-(+)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carbox amide in toluene, di-chloromethane, trichloromethane, ethyl acetate, ethanol and pure water at different temperature were measured us-ing the synthetic method by a laser monitoring observation technique. The solubility data were correlated with the modified Apelblat equation. The calculated values were good in agreement with the experimental values.
6.0mol•L-1KOH溶液中锌单晶(002)和(100)晶面的电化学行为
王华清, 周上祺, 陈昌国, 王秋虹
. 2006, 14(4): 551-554. doi:
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In this article, the electrochemical performance of the electrodes of zinc polycrystal, Zn(002) and Zn(100) single crystals were studied by the Tafel line extrapolation of the potentio-dynamic polarization curves, the cyclic voltammetry and the charge/discharge experiment. The results shows that in 6.0 mol•L-1 KOH solution the corrosion rate of Zn polycrystal, Zn(100) and Zn(002) single crystals decreases in turn; and the reversibility and the charge/discharge performance of Zn single crystal was superior to Zn polycrystal. The dendrite growth of the sur-face of Zn polycrystal was easier than Zn single crystal during the stages of charge/discharge.
聚醚与含氢硅油的硅氢加成反应的动力学研究
余琼, 尹红
. 2006, 14(4): 555-558. doi:
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The hydrosilylation of polyhydrosiloxane and unsaturated allylic polyether terminated with ester group is processed with chloroplatinic acid as catalyst and ethyl acetate as solvent to exclude the mass transfer resistance in the system. The kinetic study is performed by means of Gel Permeation Chromatography. Within the experimental range (mass ratio of the whole reactants to solvent is 1︰4, the mol ratio of bond to carbon-carbon double bond is 1︰1.3, the catalyst concentration from 1.0×10-4mol•L-1 (Pt) to 3.1×10-4mol•L-1 (Pt), temperature between 338.15K and 350.35K), a kinetic model of zero-th order reaction is built up and the evaluated model parameters are found to change linearly with the catalyst concentration.
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1982年创刊 月刊
主编:费维扬
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ISSN: 1004-9541
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