The exosomes hold significant potential in disease diagnosis and therapeutic interventions. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) for the separation of bovine milk exosomes. The milk exosome partition behaviors and bovine milk separation were investigated, and the ATPSs and bovine milk whey addition was optimized. The optimal separation conditions were identified as 16% (mass) polyethylene glycol 4000, 10% (mass) dipotassium phosphate, and 1% (mass) enzymatic hydrolysis bovine milk whey. During the separation process, bovine milk exosomes were predominantly enriched in the interphase, while protein impurities were primarily found in the bottom phase. The process yielded bovine milk exosomes of 2.0 × 10¹¹ particles per ml whey with high purity (staining rate>90%, 7.01 × 10¹⁰ particles per mg protein) and high uniformity (polydispersity index <0.03). The isolated exosomes were characterized and identified by transmission electron microscopy, zeta potential and size distribution. The results demonstrated aqueous two-phase extraction possesses a robust capability for the enrichment and separation of exosomes directly from bovine milk whey, presenting a novel approach for the large-scale isolation of exosomes.

The mass transport and ohmic losses in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is significantly influenced by the channel to rib width ratio (CRWR), particularly when accounting for the interfacial contact resistance between bipolar plates (BPs) and gas diffusion layers (GDLs) (ICR_BP-GDL). Both the determination of the optimal CRWR value and the development of an efficient flow field structure are significantly influenced by ICR_BP-GDLs. To investigate this, three-dimensional numerical models were developed, revealing that selecting an optimal CRWR tailored to specific ICR_BP-GDL values can effectively balance mass transport and ohmic losses. Building on this insight, a novel island two-dimensional flow field design is proposed, demonstrating the ability to enhance oxygen transport to the catalyst layer (CL) and achieve a more uniform oxygen distribution without increasing ohmic losses. Compared to conventional straight and serpentine flow fields, the island flow field improves output power density by 4.5% and 3.5%, respectively, while reducing the liquid water coverage ratio by 30%. Additionally, the study identifies optimal CRWR values for conventional flow fields corresponding to ICR_BP-GDLs of 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mΩ·cm² as 1.5, 1.5, 1.0, 0.67, and 0.43, respectively. For the island flow field, the optimal CRWRs are consistently smaller—1.5, 1.0, 0.67, 0.43, and 0.43—due to its superior mass transfer capability. This work provides a valuable framework for optimizing flow field designs to achieve improved PEMFC performance.

Cu(I) based CO adsorbents are prone to oxidation and deactivation owing to the sensitivity of Cu⁺ ions to oxygen and moisture in the humid air. In this study, in order to improve its antioxidant performance, hydrophobic Cu(I) based adsorbents were fabricated using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) for the hydrophobic modification, effectively avoiding the contact of CuCl active species with moisture, thereby inhibiting the oxidation of the Cu(I) based adsorbents. The successful introduction of PTFE into the activated carbon (AC) carrier significantly improves the hydrophobicity of the adsorbent. The optimal adsorbent CuCl(6)@AC–PTFE(0.10%) with the CuCl loading of 6 mmol·g^-1 and the PTFE mass concentration of 0.10% exhibits an excellent CO adsorption capacity of 3.61 mmol·g^-1 (303 K, 500 kPa) as well as high CO/CO₂ and CO/N₂ adsorption selectivities of 29 and 203 (303 K, 100 kPa). Particularly, compared with the unmodified adsorbents, the antioxidant performance of modified adsorbent CuCl(6)@AC–PTFE(0.10%) is significantly improved, holding 86% of CO adsorption performance of fresh one after 24 h of exposure to humid air with a relative humidity of 70%, making the fabricated composite a promising adsorbent for CO separation.

Integrating multiple modalities of cancer therapies for synergistic and enhanced therapeutic efficacy remains challenging. Herein, flash nanoprecipitation (FNP), a kinetically driven process, was employed to expedite the coordination reaction time required for nano-encapsulate components with completely opposite physiochemical properties including sorafenib (SRF), hemoglobin (Hb), chlorin e6 (Ce6), and indocyanine green (ICG) into a multi-component HSCI nanomedicine. Hydrophilic components Hb and ICG interact to form hydrophobic ICG-Hb complexes under electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. This process facilitates the characteristic time of nucleation (τ_nucleation) to match the characteristic mixing time (τ_mix) of the FNP process, resulting in the formulation of kinetically stable nanomedicine, overcoming the long equilibrium times and instability issues associated with thermodynamic assembly. Importantly, pH-responsive structure is also easily but effectively integrated in nanomedicine during this kinetically driven formulation to manipulate its structures. In the acidic tumor microenvironment (TME), the pH-stimulated morphology transformation of HSCI nanomedicine boosts its reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation efficiency and photothermal efficacy, endowing it with better antitumor suppression. In vitro and in vivo experiments reveal that the HSCI nanomedicine offers a synergistic therapeutic effect and stronger tumor suppression compared with single therapies. These results open a new window for developing strategies for multimodal combinatory cancer therapies.

Two dimensional (2D) membranes show huge potential for ion sieving applications owing to their regular sub-nanometer channels. How to engineer the channel micro-chemistry to pursue higher ion selectivity while maintaining promising ion transports remains challenging. In this work, we propose building rigidly confined charged 2D graphene oxide (GO) channels and manipulating their hydrophilicity via self-designed poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) intercalation. The imidazolium cations on the PILs backbone not only stabilize the GO interlayer channels via non-covalent interactions but also create a positively charged environment for attracting anions entering into channels. The hydrophilicity variations of the side chains on the PILs help with realizing the regulation of the channel hydrophilicity. Under the electrodialysis mode, the GO membrane with the strongest hydrophobicity yields an impressive selectivity of 172.2 for Cl^- and SO₄^2-, which is 48 times of Neosepta ACS, a commercial membrane specialized for anion separation. This work offers a brand-new route in exploring high-performance ion selective membranes.

The effects of different kinds of ionic liquids (ILs) on the caking property of Shenhua long-flame coal (SHLC) were studied. SHLC and its residue after [N₄₄₄₁][Cl] treatment under optimum conditions were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography and mass-spectrometric analysis (Py-GC/MS). The results showed that the ILs used could extract the poorly-caking components from SHLC, and [N₄₄₄₁][Cl] with C₃H₆O as a solvent exhibited the best effect among the ILs and solvents used. [N₄₄₄₁][Cl] could destroy the H bonds in SHLC, and the structure of the cross-linked macromolecules of SHLC was loosed, leading to the release of the small molecules within the macromolecular framework of SHLC. Additionally, [N₄₄₄₁][Cl] could easily penetrate into the interior of the relaxed SHLC and break the weak covalent bonds (e.g., C—O bonds) of the macromolecules of SHLC. As a result, aromatic hydrocarbons with 3-5 rings and aliphatic side chains, which are the precursor of the poorly-caking components, were formed and were then extracted from SHLC by C₃H₆O. Consequently, [N₄₄₄₁][Cl] treatment could decrease the caking property, thermal ability, and macromolecular size of SHLC.

With the development of chemical absorbers, biphasic absorbers have the potential for absorption performance and energy consumption. In this work, a new biphasic absorber composed of tetraethylene pentamine (TEPA) and Diethyl ethanolamine (DEEA) is formed to capture CO_2. The appropriate stratification boundaries by experimentation are found for orthogonal experiment. The optimum capture CO₂ conditions are obtained according to the orthogonal design. The ranking of factors affecting the ability and rate to absorb CO₂ is C (waste flow rate) > A (mass ratio) > B (reaction temperature). The desorption efficiency of the new biphasic absorber reaches 96.66% at 140 °C. The new biphasic absorber has good recyclability and its energy consumption is 2.23 GJ·t^-1 CO_2. Through viscosity experiment, reaction products analyzed by ¹³C NMR date, functional groups and chemical bonds analyzed by FT-IR date analysis, the mechanisms of CO₂ absorption and phase transition follow a zwitterionic mechanism. This is a biphasic amine that deserves in-depth study.

Up to now, how the secretion modes of intestinal fluid (i.e., pancreaticobiliary secretion and wall secretion) can regulate intestinal acid-base environment has not been fully understood. Understanding the regulation mechanism is not only of great significance for intestinal health but may also lead to optimized designs for bio-inspired soft elastic reactors (SERs). In this work, the mixing and reaction of acidic gastric juice and alkaline intestinal fluid in a 3D duodenum with moving walls were modelled. A unique feature of this model is the implementation of both pancreaticobiliary and wall secretion of intestinal fluid as boundary conditions. This model allowed us to quantitatively explore the influence of secretion modes on pH regulation. The results demonstrated that coexistence of both pancreaticobiliary and wall secretions is the key to maintain the average pH in the duodenum at about 7.4. Their coexistence synergistically promotes the mixing and reaction of acid-base digestion liquids and provides a suitable catalytic environment for lipase in the intestine.

Pure TiO₂ and copper-modified titania (Cu/TiO₂) nanoparticles were synthesized through sol gel combined with the pyrolysis method for the removal of Congo red (CR) in wastewater treatment. Surface morphology and structural evaluation utilized XRD, TEM, Raman, FTIR and BET techniques. Cu/TiO₂ showed rich defects and a higher specific surface area than that of TiO₂. The 1Cu/TiO₂ (molar ratio Cu/TiO₂ of 1/100) showed the best performance to adsorption of CR solution at different reaction conditions (contact duration, CR concentration, adsorbent dose, temperature, and initial pH). Adsorption kinetics and equilibrium isotherms were well-described with a pseudo-second-order kinetics and Freundlich model, respectively. The negative ΔG indicates stable adsorption of CR on the Cu/TiO₂ surface. The adsorption efficiency only decreases by 6% after 5 cycles of adsorption regeneration. The successful synthesis of Cu/TiO₂ offers a new possibility to address the problems related to CR dye from aqueous solutions.

The micellization behavior and thermodynamic properties of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in single lithium chloride (LiCl), potassium chloride (KCl), magnesium chloride (MgCl₂) and calcium chloride (CaCl₂) solutions were investigated at 288.15-318.15 K. Result showed that the critical micelle concentration (CMC) values of CTAB in all solutions decreased to a minimum value around 298.15 K and then increased with further increasing the temperature. In all cases, the CMC values decreased with increasing salt concentration at each temperature. Additionally, the introduction of any single salt resulted in a reduction of CMC values for CTAB, attributed to the combined effects of counterions and entropy-driven interactions. The observed trend for CMC values was as follows: CMC_H2O > CMC_KCl > CMC_LiCl > CMC_CaCl2 > CMC_MgCl2. Furthermore, standard thermodynamic parameters, including standard free energy of micellization (△G_m⁰), standard enthalpy of micellization (△H_m⁰) and standard entropy of micellization (△S_m⁰), were calculated based on the obtained CMC values. The negative values of △G_m⁰ indicated that the formation of CTAB micelles was a spontaneous behavior. The variations in △H_m⁰ and △S_m⁰ suggested that micellization was primarily entropy-driven at temperatures between 288.15 and 298.15 K, while it was influenced by both entropy and enthalpy from 298.15 to 318.15 K. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were employed to further explore the effects of salts on the micellization behavior of CTAB.

The phase equilibria relationship of the system RbCl-PEG6000-H₂O were investigated at temperatures of 288.2, 298.2, and 308.2 K, the compositions of solid-liquid equilibria(SLE) and liquid-liquid equilibria(LLE) were determined. The complete phase diagrams, binodal curve diagrams, and tie-line diagrams were all plotted. Results show that both solid-liquid equilibria and liquid-liquid equilibria relationships at each studied temperature. The complete phase diagrams at 288.2 K, 298.2 K and 308.2 K consist of six phase regions: unsaturated liquid region (L), two saturated solutions with one solid phase of RbCl (L + S), one saturated liquid phase with two solid phases of PEG6000 and RbCl (2S + L), an aqueous two-phase region (2L), and a region with two liquids and one solid phase of RbCl (2L + S). With the increase in temperature, the layering ability of the aqueous two-phase system increases, and both regions (2L) and (2L + S) increase. The binodal curves were fitted using the nonlinear equations proposed by Mistry, Hu, and Jayapal. Additionally, the tie-line data were correlated with the Othmer-Tobias, Bancroft, Hand, and Bachman equations. The liquid-liquid equilibria at 288.2 K, 298.2 K and 308.2 K were calculated using the NRTL model. The findings confirm that the experimental and calculated values are in close agreement, demonstrating the model’s effectiveness in representing the system’s behavior.

As a renewable energy source, the thermal conversion of poultry manure, is a promising waste treatment solution that can generate circular economic outputs such as energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Currently, pressurized gasification of poultry manure is still a novel research field, especially when combined with a novel technological route of oxy-fuel gasification. Oxy-fuel gasification is a newly proposed and promising gasification technology for power generation that facilitates future carbon capture and storage. In this work, based on a commercially operated industrial-scale chicken manure gasification power plant in Singapore, we presented an interesting first exploration of the coupled pressurization technology for oxy-fuel gasification of poultry manure using CFD numerical simulation, analyzed the effects of pressure and oxygen enrichment concentration as well as the coupling mechanism between them, and discussed the conversion and emission of nitrogen- and sulfur-containing pollutants. The results indicate that under oxy-fuel gasification condition (Oxy-30, i.e., 30%O₂/70%CO₂), as the pressure increases from 0.1 to 0.5 MPa, the CO concentration in the syngas increases slightly, the H₂ concentration increases to approximately 25%, and the CH₄ concentration (less than 1%) decreases, resulting in an increase in the calorific value of syngas from 5.2 to 5.6 MJ·m^-3. Compared to atmospheric pressure conditions, a relatively higher oxygen-enriched concentration interval (Oxy-40 to Oxy-50) under pressurized conditions is advantageous for autothermal gasification. Pressurization increases NO precursors production and also promotes homogeneous and heterogeneous reduction of NO, and provides favorable conditions for self-desulfurization. This work offers reference for the realization of a highly efficient and low-energy-consumption thermochemical treatment of livestock manure coupled with negative carbon emission technology.

In this paper, the pyrolysis characteristics of waste tire rubber with catalyst addition were experimentally studied. Pyrolysis experimentations of waste tire rubber with either base, acid or Zeolite catalysts were performed in a Thermal Gravimetric Analyzer, a one-stage test rig and a two-stage test rig respectively. This is followed by analysis into the rates of pyrolysis reactions and the yields and distribution of the three-phase products using thermogravimetric infrared spectroscopy (TG-IR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results indicated that the transition metal chloride catalysts improved the reaction rate and were overall effective than the solid acid-base catalysts. Benzene and toluene yields were improved by all three catalysts in the primary pyrolysis, and the best performance was achieved at 550 °C and 600 °C with 30% NaOH. With ZSM-5 in the secondary pyrolysis, proportion of high calorific gases components as H₂ and CH₄ were increased, and the arylation and isomerization reactions were also promoted. The optimum aromatics yield was achieved at 600 °C and 50% ZSM condition. This study would provide a reference for resourceful utilization of waste tires.

In order to solve the shortcomings of MoO₃/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst for sulfur-resistant methanation, a segmented plasma fluidized bed reactor was designed, where plasma discharge zone and the fluidization zone were separated under higher discharge power. At the bed height of 30 mm, the gas velocity of 0.10 m·s^-1 can provide a better fluidization state. The suitable discharge results can be achieved when the input power is 27 W and the discharge interval is 2.0 mm. With the extension of catalyst plasma treatment time, the conversion of CO decreases, but the selectivity of CH₄ increases. Combined with N₂ physical adsorption-desorption, XRD, TEM, Raman, TGA and TPR characterization, it was found that the active components of the catalyst are uniformly dispersed on the γ-Al₂O₃ support. After plasma treatment, tetrahedral Mo species was used as the active center, and the interaction between Mo and the carrier was strengthened. It provides a novel approach for preparing catalyst with dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) fluidized bed reactor.

Nanostructured ceria has attracted much attention in the field of redox catalysts due to the numerous active sites with excellent redox ability. Based on the acidic medium etching strategy, we constructed the strong binding centers (hydroxyl sites and strong acid sites) on the surfaces of nanostructured ceria, which regulate the adsorption process of KA-Oil (the mixture of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone) and to promote high KA-Oil selectivity in cyclohexane oxidation. The three CeO₂ (nanocube, nanorod and nanopolyhedron) with different exposed crystal planes were treated by acid etching to change the surface sites and catalytic properties. The transition behavior of surface sites during etching was revealed, abundant strong binding centers were proved to be constructed successfully. And especially for the nanorod treated by acid (Acid@CeO₂-NR) with the strongest response for sulfuric acid etching, the strong adsorption of cyclohexanone by strong binding centers was confirmed based on the in-situ DRIFTs. The sulfuric acid etching strategy to enhance the selective oxidation of cyclohexane based on the construction of strong binding centers was proved to be feasible and effective, Acid@CeO₂-NR with strongest etching response achieved the dramatic promotion of KA-Oil selectivity from 64.1% to 92.3%.

This study investigates the long-term thermal-oxidative stability and mechanical properties of phenol-containing phthalonitrile monomer (PN75) and dicyanate ester of bisphenol-A (DCBA) composites reinforced with short carbon fibers T700SC (SCF) within a temperature range of 330-375 °C. The research focuses on the PN75 monomer and DCBA blend reinforced SCF composites with varying SCF content, examining mass loss and changes in flexural strength after thermal aging for 50 h (h). Results show that the SCF-reinforced composites based on the PN75/DCBA blend consistently outperform the neat blend in flexural strength, both at room temperature and after thermal aging. The introduction of the SCF significantly improves the composites' thermal stability and mechanical retention, with higher SCF content correlating to better performance. Notably, after aging at 350 °C, the SCF-reinforced composites based (30% (mass) SCF) retained 88.8% of its flexural strength, compared to 61.1% for the neat blend. Morphological analysis reveals that while thermal aging causes degradation of the PN75/DCBA blend layer on SCF surfaces, the overall composite structure maintains good mechanical properties up to 350 °C. At 375 °C, significant degradation occurs, yet the composites still retain flexural strengths above 78 MPa. This study demonstrates the potential of the SCF-reinforced composites based on PN75/DCBA blend for high-temperature applications, establishing their upper-temperature limit for long-term use in oxidative environments.

Gas-phase synthesis of glycolide (GL) from methyl glycolate (MG) is of great significance for producing biodegradable polyglycolic acid. Here, we report a detailed thermodynamics study for the gas-phase synthesis of GL from MG, which involves complex reaction pathways, by utilizing the Gibbs free energy minimization method. The results indicate that the decompositions of MG and GL and the polymerization of MG are thermodynamically favorable as compared with the target pathway, i.e., the cyclization of MG. Effects of the reaction conditions including temperature, pressure and feed composition on the formation of GL and linear polymers have also been addressed, which demonstrate that the higher temperature and lower pressure can effectively inhibit the formation of linear methyl ester dimer and improve the selectivity to GL. In addition, the higher N₂/MG ratio is beneficial for the formation of GL in the process promoted by catalysts. These thermodynamics results indicate that the process promoted by catalysts would benefit from the kinetics control by high-performance catalysts and the operation at high temperature, low pressure and high N₂/MG ratio to enhance the yield of targeted GL. The insights demonstrated here from thermodynamics are valuable for guiding the design of catalysts and/or optimization of reaction conditions for the gas-phase synthesis of GL from MG.

The distillation process is an important chemical process, and the application of data-driven modelling approach has the potential to reduce model complexity compared to mechanistic modelling, thus improving the efficiency of process optimization or monitoring studies. However, the distillation process is highly nonlinear and has multiple uncertainty perturbation intervals, which brings challenges to accurate data-driven modelling of distillation processes. This paper proposes a systematic data-driven modelling framework to solve these problems. Firstly, data segment variance was introduced into the K-means algorithm to form K-means data interval (KMDI) clustering in order to cluster the data into perturbed and steady state intervals for steady-state data extraction. Secondly, maximal information coefficient (MIC) was employed to calculate the nonlinear correlation between variables for removing redundant features. Finally, extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) was integrated as the basic learner into adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) with the error threshold (ET) set to improve weights update strategy to construct the new integrated learning algorithm, XGBoost-AdaBoost-ET. The superiority of the proposed framework is verified by applying this data-driven modelling framework to a real industrial process of propylene distillation.

SAPO-5 zeolite supported RuMn was a highly efficient catalyst for the aqueous-phase selective hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol to cyclohexanol. The optimal catalyst achieved a high cyclohexanol yield of 93.7% at full guaiacol conversion under mild conditions, with a high TOF of 920 h^-1. Moreover, the catalyst displayed remarkable performance for the hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexanol, where a 100% yield of cyclohexanol was obtained at a phenol-to-Ru molar ratio of about 17900. In particular, the catalyst exhibited excellent recyclability and could be recycled for 20 times without obvious activity loss. The as-prepared RuMn/SAPO-5 catalyst exhibited higher performance than most of the reported Ru-based catalysts.

The impregnation method for preparing catalysts often faces challenges such as prolonged preparation times and poor dispersion of active components due to the limited mobility of the impregnation liquid. The rotating packed bed (RPB) can break the precursor solution into fine droplets, enabling dynamic impregnation of active components onto the surface of activated carbon. This approach facilitates the uniform distribution of active components on the carrier and enhances the stability and performance of the catalyst. In this study, activated carbon catalysts were prepared using high-gravity technology. It was found that the preparation time for Co-MnO_x/GAC using the RPB method was reduced by 98%, the catalytic activity increased by 6.62%, and the loadings of active components increased by 13% and 17%, the catalytic activity remained stable after five cycles, with a significantly lower rate of metal dissolution. A suite of complementary analytical techniques demonstrates that Co-MnO_x/GAC(RPB) has higher homogeneity and dispersion. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicate that Co(II) and Mn(IV)/Mn(III) are the primary active sites during the catalytic decomposition of ozone, elucidating the mechanism of synergistic catalytic ozonation by dual-active components. Finally, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) confirmed that hydroxyl radicals (·OH) were the predominant reactive species in the reaction.

The ammonium salt precipitation method is frequently utilized for extracting vanadium from the leaching solution obtained through sodium roasting of vanadium slag. However, Na⁺ and NH₄⁺ ions in the vanadium precipitation solution can not be effectively separated, leading to a large amount of ammonia-nitrogen wastewater which is difficult to treat. In this study, the manganese salt pretreatment process is used to extract vanadium from a sodium roasting leaching solution, enabling the separation of vanadium and sodium. The vanadium extraction product of manganese salt is dissolved in acid to obtain vanadium-containing leaching solution, then vanadium is extracted by hydrolysis and vanadium precipitation, and V₂O₅ is obtained after impurity removal and calcination. The results show that the rate of vanadium extraction by manganese salt is 98.23%. The vanadium extraction product by manganese salt is Mn₂V₂O₇, and its sodium content is only 0.167%. Additionally, the acid solubility of vanadium extraction products by manganese salt is 99.52%, and the vanadium precipitation rate of manganese vanadate solution is 92.34%. After the removal of manganese and calcination process, the purity of V₂O₅ product reached 97.73%, with a mere 0.64% loss of vanadium. The Mn²⁺ and NH₄⁺ ions in the solution after vanadium precipitation are separated by precipitation method, which reduces the generation of ammonia-nitrogen wastewater. This is conducive to the green and sustainable development of the vanadium industry.

The Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction is a crucial tool for constructing C-C bonds. Currently, the organic solvents employed during reaction may cause serious environmental problems. Moreover, the low solubility of inorganic bases in organic solvents leads to enormous mass transfer resistance. To address this issue, the Pickering droplets reactor stabilized by Pd/g-C₃N₄ at substrate-water two-phase interface is reported. Benefiting from the hydrophobic conjugated framework and hydrophilic terminal groups, Pd/g-C₃N₄ can configure stable Pickering emulsion without additional functionalization. The Pd loaded catalysts exhibits excellent performance (TOF = 21852 h^-1) for the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction, which is deriving from unique electronic structure of g-C₃N₄ and high interfacial area of emulsion. Moreover, there is no clear decrease in reactivity after six cycles (conversion >86%). In this study, the organic solvent was replaced by reaction substrate, and the high activity can be achieved for various halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives.

Deep Learning has been widely used to model soft sensors in modern industrial processes with nonlinear variables and uncertainty. Due to the outstanding ability for high-level feature extraction, stacked autoencoder (SAE) has been widely used to improve the model accuracy of soft sensors. However, with the increase of network layers, SAE may encounter serious information loss issues, which affect the modeling performance of soft sensors. Besides, there are typically very few labeled samples in the data set, which brings challenges to traditional neural networks to solve. In this paper, a multi-scale feature fused stacked autoencoder (MFF-SAE) is suggested for feature representation related to hierarchical output, where stacked autoencoder, mutual information (MI) and multi-scale feature fusion (MFF) strategies are integrated. Based on correlation analysis between output and input variables, critical hidden variables are extracted from the original variables in each autoencoder's input layer, which are correspondingly given varying weights. Besides, an integration strategy based on multi-scale feature fusion is adopted to mitigate the impact of information loss with the deepening of the network layers. Then, the MFF-SAE method is designed and stacked to form deep networks. Two practical industrial processes are utilized to evaluate the performance of MFF-SAE. Results from simulations indicate that in comparison to other cutting-edge techniques, the proposed method may considerably enhance the accuracy of soft sensor modeling, where the suggested method reduces the root mean square error (RMSE) by 71.8%, 17.1% and 64.7%, 15.1%, respectively.

This paper proposed a new systematic approach – functional evidential reasoning model (FERM) for exploring hazardous chemical operational accidents under uncertainty. First, FERM was introduced to identify various causal factors and their performance changes in hazardous chemical operational accidents, along with determining the functional failure link relationships. Subsequently, FERM was employed to elucidate both qualitative and quantitative operational accident information within a unified framework, which could be regarded as the input of information fusion to obtain the fuzzy belief distribution of each cause factor. Finally, the derived risk values of the causal factors were ranked while constructing multi-level accident causation chains to unveil the weak links in system functionality and the primary roots of operational accidents. Using the specific case of the “1·15” major explosion and fire accident at Liaoning Panjin Haoye Chemical Co., Ltd., seven causal factors and their corresponding performance changes were identified. Additionally, five accident causation chains were uncovered based on the fuzzy joint distribution of the functional assessment level (FAL) and reliability distribution (RD), revealing an overall increase in risk along the accident evolution path. The research findings demonstrated that FERM enabled the effective characterization, rational quantification and accurate analysis of the inherent uncertainties in hazardous chemical operational accident risks from a systemic perspective.

In the petroleum industry, the properties of catalysts play a crucial role in the performance of hydroprocessing reactions. Carbon modification can effectively regulate the physicochemical properties of catalysts, but further in-depth research is necessary. In this study, ethylene glycol was used as the carbon source to investigate the impact of varying carbon amounts on the performance of the Mo-Ni/Al₂O₃ hydrogenation catalyst. The results showed that both the pore structure and surface hydroxyl groups of catalysts can be adjusted after carbon modification. As the carbon content increased, the surface acidity of catalysts gradually decreased, and the interaction between carrier and active metal gradually weakened, leading to more octahedral coordination in form of polynuclear polymolybdic acid. The dispersion and sulfidation degree of Mo species improved, ultimately resulting in more hydrogenation active phases. Consequently, the catalyst exhibited enhanced hydrodesulfurization (HDS) and hydrodenitrification (HDN) activities.

In the quest to develop high-performance lubrication additives, a novel nanocomposite comprising biodiesel soot modified by silver (Ag/BDS) was synthesized. The tribological behavior of Ag/BDS nanocomposite as an additive for liquid paraffin (LP) were systematically investigated using response surface methodology. To elucidate the friction and wear mechanisms associated with the Ag/BDS nanocomposite, various analytical techniques were employed, including scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), Raman spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations. The results show that the concentration of Ag/BDS has a significant impact on the tribological properties of LP under different applied loads and sliding speeds. Notably, LP containing 0.25% Ag/BDS shows the most favorable tribological performance and in comparison, to pure LP, the average friction coefficient and average wear volume have been reduced by 42.7% and 21.2%, respectively. The mechanisms underlying the reduction in friction and anti-wear mechanism of Ag/BDS have been attributed to the excellent synergies of Ag and BDS. Specifically, the Ag particles facilitate the incorporation of BDS particles in the formation of uniform boundary lubrication films.