Microemulsions are usually used to prepare nanomaterials. The formation behavior of microemulsions is crucial to the preparation of nanomaterials. Water in the internal phase is usually replaced by electrolyte solutions to prepare nanomaterials. Knowing the effects of electrolyte solution on the phase behavior of microemulsion is significant to the nanomaterial preparation. Microemulsion systems were studied by a conductivity method with cyclohexane as oil, Triton X-100 as surfactant, hexanol as cosurfactant, and deionized water or the electrolyte solutions of Cu(Ac)₂ and Zn(Ac)₂ as aqueous phases. The results showed that the replacement of water with electrolyte solution had a strong effect on the phase behavior of microemulsion system. The O/W microemulsion zone in water system was not observed in the studied electrolyte system. The shape and area of the corresponding phase zone in electrolyte system were different from that in water system. The microemulsion regions of electrolyte solution systems were always larger than that of water system. Zn(Ac)₂ showed a larger microemulsion region than Cu(Ac)₂ at 0.1 mol·L^-1. The microemulsion phase region formed by 0.1 mol·L^-1 Zn(Ac)₂ + 0.1 mol·L^-1 Cu(Ac)₂ was smaller than that formed by 0.1 mol·L^-1 Zn(Ac)₂ or 0.1 mol·L^-1 Cu(Ac)₂ lonely. With the increase of electrolyte concentration in the electrolyte solution and the rise of temperature, the microemulsion region shrank gradually. The changes of interactions between different components in the system should be responsible to the variation of phase behavior. The results provide important information for the microemulsion system with electrolyte solution as aqueous phase.

One of the main challenges in oil-water separation of traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) is to obtain essential oils from the aromatic water of TCM. In this study, silicon dioxide/polyvinylidene fluoride (SiO₂/PVDF) membranes were prepared using nonsolvent induce phase separation. Then polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was coated to obtain PDMS/SiO₂/PVDF membranes. Separated essential oils and water from aromatic water in the gaseous state by vapor permeation membrane separation technology. The relationship between membrane structure and membrane separation effect was investigated. Response surface methodology was used to develop a quadratic model for the separation factor, membrane permeation separation index and membrane preparation process. The optimal process parameters for the membrane separation were 12.31% (mass) concentration of PVDF solution, 9.6% (mass) of N,N-dimethylacetamide in the solidification bath, and 0.2 g hydrophobic nano-SiO₂ incorporation, with a separation factor of 14.45, and a membrane flux of 1203.04 g·m^-2·h^-1. Compared with the PDMS/PVDF membranes, the separation factor and membrane flux were increased by 68.59% and 3.46%, respectively. Compared with the SiO₂/PVDF membranes, the separation factor and membrane flux were increased by 478% and 79.33%, respectively. Effectively mitigated the limitations of traditional polymer membrane material performance affected by the “trade-off” effect. Attenuated total internal reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, contact angle, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy were used to characterize the PDMS/SiO₂/PVDF membranes, and gas chromatography was used to characterize the permeate. In addition, the contents of L-menthol, L-menthone, menthyl acetate and limonene in the permeate, conformed to the European Pharmacopoeia standards. This study provided an effective preparation strategy of a feasible hydrophobic powder polymer membrane for the separation of essential oils from gaseous peppermint aromatic water.

Titanium-bearing blast furnace slag (Ti-BFS) is an industrial solid waste rich in titanium, magnesium and aluminum. However, it is difficult to utilize Ti, Mg and Al from Ti-BFS for the strong stability and poor reaction activity of Ti-BFS. A comprehensive utilization route of Ti, Mg and Al from Ti-BFS was proposed. Ti-BFS was firstly roasted with H₂SO₄ to realizes the conversion of Ti, Mg and Al to their corresponding sulphates. The sulphates were leached by dilute H₂SO₄ solution to extraction Ti, Mg and Al from roasted Ti-BFS. The roasting conditions were optimized as follows, sulfuric acid concentration of 85% (mass), temperature of 200 ℃, acid-slag ratio of 5.5, particle size of Ti-BFS <75 μm, and reaction time of 1 h. The extraction rates of titanium, aluminum, and magnesium reached 82.42%, 88.78% and 90.53%, respectively. The leachate was hydrolyzed at 102 ℃ for 5 h with a titanium hydrolysis ratio of 96%. After filtration and calcination, TiO₂ with a purity of 97% (mass) was obtained. Al in the leachate was converted to NH₄Al(SO₄)₂·12H₂O by the neutralization of ammonia water at pH = 4.5. Al₂O₃ was obtained by the calcination of NH₄Al(SO₄)₂·12H₂O. The residual solution can be used to prepare products of magnesium sulfate. In the proposed process, Ti, Mg and Al were extracted from Ti-BFS and utilized comprehensively to prepare valuable products. The leaching behavior of roasted Ti-BFS with water was also studied. It followed the unreacted shrinking core model. The apparent activation energy was 26.07 kJ·mol^-1. This research not only provides a viable method for recovering valuable metals in Ti-BFS, but also provides a strategy to comprehensive utilize the valuable elements in Ti-BFS.

Enhancing wastewater treatment efficiency through innovative technologies is paramount in addressing global environmental challenges. This study explores utilizing stereoscopic hydrogel evaporators combined with renewable energy sources to optimize wastewater treatment processes. A cross-linked super absorbent polymer (SAP) hydrogel was synthesized using acrylic acid and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate monomers and integrated with a light-absorbing carbon membrane to form a solar-assisted evaporator (MSAP). The MSAP achieved a high evaporation rate of 3.08 kg m^-2·h^-1 and a photothermal conversion efficiency of 94.27%. It demonstrated excellent removal efficiency for dye-polluted wastewater, significantly reducing concentrations of pollutants. The MSAP maintained high performance in outdoor conditions, showcasing its potential for real-world applications. This approach, incorporating both solar and wind energy, significantly boosts water evaporation rates and presents a promising, eco-friendly solution for sustainable wastewater treatment within the circular development framework.

The fabrication of monolithic ZSM-5 catalysts via extrusion is pivotal for industrial catalytic processes; nevertheless, the addition of adhesives might affect their catalytic performance. Herein, the rice husk-derived bio-SiO₂, serving as a silicon source and natural adhesive, was introduced in the synthesis and extrusion of ZSM-5 catalysts denoted as BioZSM-5, thereby enhancing their industrial viability and catalytic performance. The f-n-BioZSM-5 (obtained by extrusion of n-BioZSM-5) showcased enhanced butene and pentene selectivity, exhibiting robust stability, achieving an impressive 84.8% olefin selectivity (over 10 cycles). The biomass template significantly improved porosity, acidity, and anti-coking properties. Moreover, the f-n-BioZSM-5 exhibited a compressive strength 4.3 times superior to that of f-n-ZSM-5 without using bio-template, achieving better abrasion resistance and enhanced mechanical properties even using 1/3 of the adhesive dosage. These results will provide valuable guidance for developing shaped zeolite catalysts for industrial catalytic pyrolysis applications, especially for the production of olefin from fatty acids.

Photocycloaddition affords opportunities to engage in advanced fuels with high-strained cyclobutyl-containing structures. Herein, the one-step route for the synthesis of high-energy-density caged fuel, tetracyclo [4.2.1.0^2,5.0^3,7]nonane (TCN) with high-strained four-membered structure, has been developed via photosensitized [2 + 2] cycloaddition of 5-vinyl-2-norbornene (VNB). The reaction conditions are optimized to obtain a high conversion of VNB of 91.9%. The triplet quenching and Stern-Volmer quenching studies indicate that [2 + 2] photocycloaddition follows the triplet-triplet energy transfer process, and a kinetic model is expressed as a reaction rate equation correlated with the incident light flux. Importantly, the obtained TCN shows a high density of 1.003 g·cm^-3 and volumetric net heat of combustion of 42.31 MJ·L^-1, which can serve as an excellent high-energy additive for blending with liquid fuels.

The huge carrier transfer resistance caused by large-sized “nitrogen pot” severely limits the photocatalytic performance of carbon nitride (CN). This study aims to explore the selection principle of metal ion bridges for constructing dual carrier-transfer channels to delivery carriers to respectively active sites using photodegradation of phenol as the model reaction. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation was used to optimize the structure model of nitrogen vacancies (N_V, provide active sites for reduction of O₂ and oxidation of phenol) and metal ions (Fe³⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺ or Cu²⁺) co-modified CN, and screen metal ion bridges based on the three parameters including bonding state of metal ion and “nitrogen pot”, electrostatic potential (ESP) distribution around the active sites, and three-electron bond length. Both calculation results and activity data show that Fe³⁺, Co²⁺ and Ni²⁺ can construct dual carrier-transfer channels to promote the degradation of phenol while Cu²⁺ cannot. N_V and Fe³⁺ co-modified CN (Fe/N_V-CN) showed the best catalytic performance among various catalysts and was used as the model catalyst for the detailed characterization to verify the calculation results. This work provides not only the novel strategy for constructing dual carrier-transfer channels in CN, but also the crucial basis for computer simulation as a prediction tool of catalyst structure design rationality.

Addressing the contamination of antibiotics has attracted ever-increasing and imperative attention due to their widespread existence, easy-to-cause drug-resistant bacteria infection, coupled with their intrinsic toxicity and hazard to environments and human health. Herein, a novel CC/CoNi-LDH-10%Ce anode material was directly constructed through a simple and rapid electrodeposition strategy, serving as an efficacious electrocatalyst for removing ciprofloxacin (CIP) from aqueous solution. Such novel CC/CoNi-LDH-10%Ce anode delivered a higher charge transfer, relatively abundant oxygen vacancies, and a higher electrochemical active area. The as-fabricated CC/CoNi-LDH-10%Ce electrode achieved a substantially boosted CIP removal efficiency of 52.5% relative to that of pure CC at about 23.9%. Notably, doping an appropriate amount of Ce³⁺ can endow the pristine CC/CoNi-LDH with richer oxygen vacancies and excellent electrocatalytic performance. Additionally, the electrocatalytic oxidation of CIP was attributed to both direct oxidation on the electrode surface and indirect oxidation induced by the generated active species (superoxide radicals and hydroxyl radicals). This study provides a simple, universal and flexible tactic for other researchers in designing and manufacturing avenues of electrodes.

The self-condensation of n-butanal is an important reaction for carbon-chain extension in the commercial production of 2-ethylhexanol. Moreover, aldol condensation is one of the important reactions for the synthesis of valuable organic chemicals or transportation fuels from biomass-derived platform compounds. So the investigation of the self-condensation of n-butanal is of significance in both academia and industry. This contribution reviewed the catalytic performance of heterogeneous catalysts in the self-condensation of n-butanal and the related reaction mechanism, network, and kinetics. The purpose of this review is to dedicate some help for further development of environmentally friendly catalysts and for a thorough comprehension of aldol condensation.

Confinement effect is an effective method to enhance carbon dioxide (CO₂) solubility. In this study, a hybrid sorbent of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide ([Hmim][NTf₂])/mesoporous titanium dioxide (M-TiO₂)/water (H₂O) was developed, and its confinement effect was regulated by changing the pore structure of M-TiO₂. CO₂ solubility in the hybrid sorbent was measured experimentally, and the thermodynamic properties including Henry's constant and desorption enthalpy were calculated. Furthermore, the confinement effect in the hybrid sorbent was quantified. Additionally, the hybrid sorbent was recycled with a multi-cycle experiment. The results showed that M-TiO₂ calcined at 773.2 K (MT500) could lead to an efficient confinement effect. CO₂ solubility in the hybrid sorbent increased by 49.8% compared to that of H₂O when the mass fraction of [Hmim][NTf₂]/MT500 was 5.0% (mass), where the contribution of confinement effect on Gibbs free energy occupied 5.2%.

The cerium-silicate pillared MWW zeolites are fabricated by introducing Ce species into the silica pillars within adjacent MWW layers through a liquid-phase pillaring method, and the multiple-layer structure of MWW zeolites is well maintained. However, it's found that these Ce³⁺ species can produce the Brønsted acid sites by the dissociation of water molecules owing to the electrostatic field of Ce³⁺ cations, the splitting of water molecules occurs following [Ce(H₂O)_n]³⁺ ⇌ Ce[(OH)(H₂O)_n-1]²⁺ + H⁺ equation based on the Plank-Hirschler mechanism, leading to superior activity of resultant cerium-silicate pillared MWW zeolites in the alkylation between benzene with 1-dodecene. Moreover, the additional Ce species located in the silica pillars can be easily accessed by guest molecules due to the presence of mesopores between neighboring MWW layers, which can strongly active benzene molecules by polarization effect, and dodecyl carbenium ions are preferred to attack the carbon atoms located in activated benzene molecules, resulting in the long lifetime of cerium-silicate pillared MWW zeolites since the oligomerization of long-chain olefins is suppressed. Under harsh reaction conditions (benzene/1-dodecene = 10, WHSV = 20 h^-1), the optimized cerium-silicate pillared MWW zeolite shows outstanding activity (>40%) and excellent selectivity (>85%) of 2-LAB in the alkylation of benzene with 1-dodecene.

In the current era of renewable energy prominence, the wide operational capacity of coal-fired boilers has emerged as crucial for ensuring the sustainability of power plants. However, attaining ultra-low nitrogen oxides (NO_x) emissions during periods of low-load operations presents a significant and persistent challenge for coal power enterprises. While techniques such as biomass re-burning and advanced re-burning have shown promise in enhancing NO reduction efficiency above 800 ℃, their elevated levels of chlorine (Cl) and alkali metals pose potential risks to boiler equipment integrity. Therefore, this study proposes the utilization of biomass char derived from pyrolysis as a dual-purpose solution to enhance NO reduction efficiency while safeguarding boiler integrity during low-load operations. Findings indicate that pyrolysis treatment effectively reduces the Cl and alkali metal content of biomass. Specifically, it was determined that biomass char produced through deeply pyrolysis at 300 ℃ achieves the highest NO reduction efficiency while minimizing the presence of harmful components. At a reduction temperature of 700 ℃, both re-burning and advanced re-burning techniques exhibit NO reduction efficiencies of 55.90% and 62.22%, which is already an ideal deficiency at low temperatures. The addition of water vapor at 700-800 ℃ obviously avoids the oxidation of ammonia to NO in advanced re-burning. Upon further analysis, denitrification efficiency in biomass char re-burning and advanced re-burning is influenced not only by volatile content but also by physicochemical properties such as porosity and surface functional group distribution under certain reaction conditions. This study provides a theoretical framework for the industrial implementation of biomass char for NO control in coal-fired power plants, offering insights into optimizing NO reduction efficiency while mitigating potential risks to boiler equipment.

Hydrocracking is one of the most important petroleum refining processes that converts heavy oils into gases, naphtha, diesel, and other products through cracking reactions. Multi-objective optimization algorithms can help refining enterprises determine the optimal operating parameters to maximize product quality while ensuring product yield, or to increase product yield while reducing energy consumption. This paper presents a multi-objective optimization scheme for hydrocracking based on an improved SPEA2-PE algorithm, which combines path evolution operator and adaptive step strategy to accelerate the convergence speed and improve the computational accuracy of the algorithm. The reactor model used in this article is simulated based on a twenty-five lumped kinetic model. Through model and test function verification, the proposed optimization scheme exhibits significant advantages in the multi-objective optimization process of hydrocracking.

The widespread use of plastic waste has caused significant environmental pollution, becoming a focal point of global concern, particularly the challenge of dechlorination in mixed plastic waste. Selective dissolution is a promising plastic chemical recycling technology that offers benefits such as simple processes, convenient operation, and recyclable solvents. However, selecting suitable solvents remains a challenge. This study establishes a virtual solvent database containing 530 common inorganic and organic solvents. By calculating the σ-profile of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethylene (PE) models using quantum mechanical calculations and employing the conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS) method, the solubility performance of these solvents for PVC and PE at different temperatures was predicted. The results demonstrate the high accuracy of the COSMO-RS method in predicting solubility. By comparing the solubility differences between PVC and PE in different solvents, a series of solvents suitable for selectively removing PVC from mixed plastics were identified, for example, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), tetrahydrofuran (THF), and N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc). This method provides a novel solution to the solvent selection challenge in plastic chemical recycling, potentially shortening the research and development period, reducing experimental costs, and promoting the development of green and refined waste plastic recycling processes.

This study comprehensively investigates the degradation performance and mechanism of environmental persistent pollutants (EPs) by combining experimental and theoretical calculations with dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma synergized with persulfate. The findings demonstrated that DBD plasma could generate reactive radicals, including ·OH, ¹O₂ and ·O₂^-, which primarily activate persulfate through ·OH and ·O₂^- to produce the potent oxidizing radical SO₄^-·. This process facilitated enhanced degradation and mineralization of MeP wastewater. The performance of DBD/persulfute (PS) in degrading MeP was evaluated by kinetics, energy efficiency, and co-factor calculations, combined with degradation under different influencing factors. The actives in the system were analyzed by free radical scavenging assays and UV spectrophotometric testing to determine their effects. The findings indicated that persulfate was effectively activated by DBD plasma and that ·O₂^- played a significant role. The presence of persulfate elevated the levels of H₂O₂ and O₃ in the solution. The intermediates formed during the degradation of MeP were detected using LC-MS and then analyzed alongside density-functional theory (DFT) chemical predictions to anticipate the reactive sites and deduce the potential degradation pathways of methylparaben (MeP). Toxicity evaluation software confirmed that the PS/DBD system reduces acute and developmental toxicity in the water column. The study showed that DBD plasma-activated persulfate was successful in addressing newly identified contaminants.

Alcohol oxidation is a widely used green chemical reaction. The reaction process produces flammable and explosive hydrogen, so the design of the reactor must meet stringent safety requirements. Based on the limited experimental data, utilizing the traditional numerical method of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to simulate the gas-liquid two-phase flow reactor can mitigate the risk of danger under varying working conditions. However, the calculation process is highly time-consuming. Therefore, by integrating process simulation, computational fluid dynamics, and deep learning technologies, an intelligent hybrid chemical model based on machine learning was proposed to expedite CFD calculations, enhance the prediction of flow fields, conversion rates, and concentrations inside the reactor, and offer insights for designing and optimizing the reactor for the alcohol oxidation system. The results show that the hybrid model based on the long and short-term memory neural network achieves 99.8% accuracy in conversion rate prediction and 99.9% accuracy in product concentration prediction. Through validation, the hybrid model is accelerated by about 360 times compared with instrumental analysis in conversion rate prediction and about 45 times compared with CFD calculation in concentration distribution prediction. This hybrid model can quickly predict the conversion rate and product concentration distribution in the gas-liquid two-phase flow reactor and provide a model reference for fast prediction and accurate control in the actual chemical production process.

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) can be efficiently converted and utilized through the CO₂ methanation reaction, which has significant potential benefits for the environment and the economy. The contradiction between the thermodynamics and kinetics of the CO₂ methanation reaction process leads to low CO₂ conversion at 200-350 ℃ and low methane selectivity at 350-500 ℃. The utilization of catalysts can solve the contradiction between kinetics and thermodynamics, achieving high CO₂ methanation efficiency at low temperatures. However, the poor thermal conductivity of powder catalysts leads to the rapid accumulation of heat, resulting in the formation of hot spots, which can cause the sintering or even deactivation of active species. To solve this problem, researchers have focused on monolithic catalysts with integrated reaction systems. This review categorizes the monolithic catalysts into two main groups based on their unique characteristics, namely structured catalysts and catalytic membrane reactors. The characteristics of these monolithic catalysts, commonly used support materials, preparation techniques, and their applications in the CO₂ methanation reaction are discussed in depth. These studies provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for the design and optimization of structured catalysts and catalytic membrane reactors. Finally, challenges and prospects in the application of monolithic catalysts for the CO₂ methanation reaction are proposed for the future development.

Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the microscopic working mechanism of fast hydrate formation from active ice. We successfully simulated the cyclic process of ice melt-hydrate formation-ice melt. The simulation results showed that active ice could significantly accelerate the formation of hydrates and exhibit high gas storage capacity. The oxygen atoms of the sulfate group in SDS formed hydrogen bonds with the hydrogen atoms of water molecules in the ice, destroying the orderly arranged structures of the ice surface. SDS also acted as a promoter to accelerate the mass transfer of guests in the liquid phase, thereby promoting the nucleation and growth of hydrates. The ordered structures of liquid phase formed by ice melting and the formation of cage-like structures facilitated by ice surface defects were beneficial to the nucleation and growth of hydrates. The formation of the hydrate shell accelerated the migration of the guests from the gas phase to the liquid phase. As the ice continued to melt, sufficient guests and water molecules ensured the stable growth of hydrates.

The unique properties of TiO₂-sulfur (TiO₂-S) modified graphene nanocomposite electrode (GPE/TiO₂-S) in the electrochemical sensing of formaldehyde compound has been evaluated. We prepared TiO₂-S by hydrothermal method and modified the graphene nanocomposite electrode by applying electrochemical cyclic voltammetry (CV) approach. The TiO₂-S nanocomposite was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), while the GPE/TiO₂-S was examined by scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-Ray fluorosense (XRF) techniques. TiO₂-S has a grain size of 19.32 nm. The surface morphology of the GPE/TiO₂-S nanocomposite shows a good, intact, and tightly porous structure with TiO₂-S covers the graphene surface. The content of optimized GPE/TiO₂-S electrodes is 41.5% of graphene, 37.8% of TiO₂, and 12.4% of sulfur that was prepared by mixing 1 g of TiO₂-S with 0.5 g of graphene and 0.3 mL paraffin. The GPE/TiO₂-S electrode produces a high anodic current (I_pa) of 800 μA and a high cathodic current (I_pc) of -600 μA at a scan rate of 0.1 V·s^-1 using an electrolyte 0.01 mol·L^-1 K₃[Fe(CN)₆] solution containing 150 mg·L^-1 formaldehyde. The limit of detection can reach as low as 9.7 mg·L^-1 with stability with Horwitz ratio value as low as 0.397. The composite electrode also exhibits excellent slectivity properties by showing clear formaldehyde sugnal in the presence of high concentration of interfering agent. GPE/TiO₂-S electrode should find potential application of formaldehyde detection in food industries.

Recovering waste heat is essential for primary energy savings and carbon emission reduction. To provide direct and reliable suggestions for factories to recover waste heat, energetic, economic and exergoeconomic comparison between direct heat exchange (DHE) and open-cycle mechanical heat pump (MHP) under various operating conditions is carried out in this work. The price ratios R_ES (electricity to steam) and R_HS (hot water to steam) are introduced to quantify regional impacts and conduct quantitative analysis. A semi-empirical formula is obtained to explore the exergoeconomic performance of the two systems. For waste heat within 373.15-423.15 K, the exergy efficiency of the DHE with a temperature difference of 10-90 K is always lower than that of the MHP with a temperature lift of 10-50 K. The economic performance of the two systems has a break-even point, depending on the operating parameters and relative prices of electricity, steam, and hot water. Under the average R_ES (3.8) in China, if R_HS is higher than 0.748, the annual revenue of the DHE is always higher, whereas the MHP is more economical when R_HS is lower than 0.110. In regions where R_ES is higher than 4.353, the annual revenue of the MHP will be negative in some cases.

Innovating distillation technology to improve the efficiency of distillation equipment, reduce energy consumption, and increase product purity is an important challenge for the rapid development of the distillation industry. In this paper, steady-state simulations are developed for the separated isopropanol and water systems, and the sensitive temperature stage locations are determined using sensitivity and singular value decomposition (SVD). An open-loop steady-state gain analysis of the isopropanol/water system was performed, and a series of dynamic control schemes were designed and optimized to resist ±10% feed flow disturbances and ±5% feed composition disturbances, comparing the performance of the control schemes one by one through IAE error analysis. The results show that the side-stream extractive distillation separation of isopropanol and water system using a single temperature fixed reflux ratio control loop suffers from a large product shift problem. One of the key control loops is to control the isopropanol purity by controlling the bottom of the column flow rate, and the scheme performs well under both single-temperature control and dual-temperature control, effectively resisting ±10% feed flow disturbances and ±5% feed composition disturbances. The improvement of product purity can be seen from the component controllers play an important role, while the feed-forward effect under certain conditions can also enable the system to quickly restore stability and improve the system response speed.

In this study, a Fe, N-decorated carbocatalyst (FeCN@X) based on Fe-MOFs was synthesized to activate peroxydisulfate (PDS) for removing sulfadiazine (SDZ) from water. The surface morphology and structure of FeCN@X was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spec troscopy. FeCN@1000, formed at the pyrolysis temperature of 1000 ℃, exhibited the best catalytic performance for degrade SDZ in the presence of 0.15 g·L^-1 catalyst and 0.5 mmol·L^-1 PDS, and the reaction conversion rate was 0.199 L·mmol^-1. Moreover, the effects of experimental conditions, co-existing anions and fulvic acid on catalytic performance of FeCN@1000 were investigated. The excellent potential of FeCN@1000 as a PDS activator in environmental applications was also suggested by the results of its reusability and adaptability experiments. The result of XPS, ROS quenching, EPR and electrochemical experiments showed the degradation of SDZ was primarily driven by an electron transfer process (ETP). Furthermore, Fe(III) instead of Fe(II) plays a major role in ETP, as Fe(III) sites can interact with PDS and form the low-spin surface complexes (Fe(III)/CN-PDS). Meanwhile, the small number of ¹O₂ and O₂^-· generated by the activation of PDS will promote the system degradation of SDZ activity by accelerating the conversion of Fe(II) to Fe(III). This study provides new insights for the design of novel PDS activator for efficient degradation of emerging pollutants by ETP.

Porous liquid-conducting micro-heat exchangers have garnered considerable attention for their role in efficient heat dissipation in small electronic devices. This demand highlights the need for advanced mathematical models to optimize the selection of mixed heat exchange media and equipment design. A capillary bundle evaporation model for porous liquid-conducting media was developed based on the conjugate mass transfer evaporation rate prediction model of a single capillary tube, supplemented by mercury injection experimental data. Theoretical and experimental comparisons were conducted using 1,2-propanediol-glycerol (PG-VG) mixtures at molar ratios of 1:9, 3:7, 5:5, and 7:3 at 120, 150, and 180 ℃. The Jouyban-Acree model was implemented to enhance the evaporation rate predictions. For the 7:3 PG-VG mixture at 180 ℃ under the experimental conditions of the thermal medium, the model’s error reduced from 16.75% to 10.84% post-correction. Overall, the mean relative error decreased from 11.76% to 5.98% after correction.

The fly ash from waste incineration poses a serious threat to human health due to its high content of dioxins. Hydrothermal treatment is an efficient and clean method on the decomposition and detoxifying of fly ash. To study the degradation mechanism of dioxins, this paper uses molecular dynamics (MD) to simulate the hydrothermal reaction process of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) under different conditions, and the degradation mechanism of PCDDs is obtained. The results show that the degradation of PCDDs includes two pathways: the first pathway is the substitution of Cl groups by hydroxyl groups to form low-chlorine substitution products through direct hydrogenation, and the second pathway is the formation of non-toxic benzene ring structures accompanied by the cleavage of C—O bonds. The two degradation pathways of PCDDs well explain the changes in toxicity before and after the hydrothermal treatment of fly ash, which is consistent with experimental results. This study provides theoretical guidance for the harmless treatment process of fly ash via hydrothermal method.

This study investigates the corrosion inhibition potential of Datura stramonium seed extracts on mild steel in 1.0 mol·L^-1 HCl and 0.5 mol·L^-1 H₂SO₄, utilizing both ethanolic and aqueous extracts as eco-friendly inhibitors. Electrochemical techniques, thermodynamic studies, and quantum chemical calculations were employed to evaluate the adsorption mechanism and inhibitory action at the metal/electrolyte interface. Maximum inhibition efficiencies of 93.1% in HCl and 97.7% in H₂SO₄ were achieved with the ethanolic extract at a concentration of 0.2 g·L^-1, while the aqueous extract demonstrated 93.8% inhibition in HCl and 96.6% in H₂SO₄. Polarization curves indicated mixed-type inhibition with a slight anodic bias. The thermodynamic analysis of two extracts in both environments indicated that the K_ads increased and that the ΔG_ads were close to -40 kJ·mol^-1, suggesting that the adsorption followed the Langmuir isotherm, indicating a combination of physical and chemical adsorption. SEM/EDX analysis confirmed the formation of a protective layer, while quantum chemical studies further validated strong adsorption, evidenced by a low ΔE of 2.396 eV and an adsorption energy of -878 kcal·mol^-1 (1 kcal·mol^-1 = 4.18 kJ·mol^-1). These results demonstrate that Datura stramonium extracts are promising inhibitors, particularly in sulfuric acid, for industrial applications. Reason: Improved clarity, vocabulary, and technical accuracy while maintaining the original meaning.

Utilizing calcium aluminate (CaAlO) as a catalyst in lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis offers dual advantages of cost saving and mitigating environmental pollution from industrial waste. This study employs kinetic analysis to validate the catalytic effect of CaAlO on biomass pyrolysis. Thermalgravimetric analysis of walnut shell pyrolysis was conducted, incorporating CaAlO, CaO, and Al₂O₃ additives to examine catalytic pyrolysis and gas release characteristics. The results reveal that CaAlO exhibits a catalytic effect similar to that of CaO and Al₂O₃, suggesting its potential as an effective catalyst. Activation energies obtained without additive and with CaAlO, CaO, and Al₂O₃ by Friedman method are 184, 178, 158, and 176 kJ·mol^-1, while by Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) method are 186, 179, 160, 177 kJ·mol^-1. Finally, distributed activation energy model (DAEM) analysis was performed, and the obtained parameters were successfully coupled into three-dimensional numerical simulation with some simplifications in the DAEM integration to reduce calculation cost, showing its potential applicability in biomass pyrolysis investigation.

By enhancing surface interaction between metal oxide particles and carbon-based materials, it can effectively improve Faraday capacitance and conductivity, ultimately achieving high energy density with sufficient redox reactions in supercapacitors. Through a gentle biomineralization process and subsequent thermal reduction strategy, we successfully prepared the graphene oxide (GO) wrapping mixed-valence manganese oxides (MnO_x) and S, P self-codoped carbon matrix porous composite (MnO_x@SPC@reduced graphene oxide (RGO)). During the biomineralization process of engineered Pseudomonas sp. (M1) cells, GO nanosheets functioned as the ‘soil’ to adsorb Mn²⁺ ion and uniformly disperse biogenic Mn oxides (BMO). After undergoing annealing, the MnO_x nanoparticles were evenly wrapped with graphene, resulting in the creation of the MnO_x@SPC@RGO3 composite. This composite possesses strong C—O—Mn bond interfaces, numerous electroactive sites, and a uniform pore structure. By optimizing the synergistic interaction between the highly conductive graphene and the remarkable surface capacitance of MnO_x, the MnO_x@SPC@RGO3 electrode, with its intercalation Faraday reactions mechanism of Mn²⁺ ⇌ Mn³⁺ and Mn³⁺ ⇌ Mn⁴⁺ transformations, exhibits an outstanding specific capacity (448.3 F·g^-1 at 0.5 A·g^-1), multiplying performance (340.5 F·g^-1 at 10 A·g^-1), and cycling stability (93.8% retention after 5000 cycles). Moreover, the asymmetric all-solid-state supercapacitors of MnO_x@SPC@RGO3//PC exhibit an exceptional energy density of 64.8 W·h·kg^-1 and power density of 350 W·kg^-1, as well as a long lifespan with capacitance retention of 92.5% after 10000 cycles. In conclusion, the synthetic route utilizing biomineralization and thermal reduction exhibits significant potential for exploiting high-performance electrode materials in all-solid-state supercapacitor applications.

Density (ρ), speed of sound (u), viscosity (η), and refractive index (n_D) were measured for pure acetonitrile, trichloroethene, and tetrachloroethene, as well as their binary mixtures at temperatures T = (293.15, 298.15, 303.15) K and at ambient pressure (81.5 kPa). From the experimental data, excess molar volume (V_m^E), thermal expansion coefficients (α), deviations in isentropic compressibility (△k_s), viscosity (Δη), and refractive index (Δn_D) were calculated. These values were then correlated using the Redlich-Kister polynomial equation, with fitting coefficients and standard deviations determined. Additionally, the Prigogine-Flory-Patterson (PFP) theory and the Extended Real Associated Solution (ERAS) model were employed to correlate the excess molar volume, while the Perturbed Chain Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (PC-SAFT) was used to predict the density of mixtures.