The hydrodynamics and mass transfer of Plum Flower Mini Ring (PFMR), Pall Ring and Intalox
Saddle were studied in a 600 mm diameter column with air-oxygen-water system over a wide
range of liquid loads. It was shown fiom the experiments that PFMR had much lower
resistance, larger throughput and higher mass transfer efficiency than Pall Ring and
Intalox Saddle. It was clear from the comparison that existing equations could not predict
the performance of packings very well at high liquid loads. Therefore, new semi-empirical
equations of pressure drop, flooding gas velocity and height of transfer unit (HTU) were
proposed based on the experimental data.

Performance of Mellapak 250Y and 350Y corrugated structured packing in distillation
applications at pressures rangingfrom 0.3 to 2.0MPa is analysed by using HTU-NTU method.
These data are obtained in a distillation column with 0.15 m diameter op-erated with n-
butane/n-pentane system at total reflux. In considering the axial backmixing effects, the
height of an overall gas phasetransfer unit, HTUOG, is divided into two parts. One part
represents the height of an overall gas phase transfer unit, withoutbackmixing,designated
asHTU*OG, and the other part, designated as the height ofa backmixing unit (HBUo), accounts
for the backmixing effects.The HTUOG is evaluated from the measured concentration profile
of n-butane in liquid phase. The HBUo obtained experimentally iscorrelated in terms of the
properties of the materials being separated and the equivalent diameter of the structured
packing. Our resultshows that HBUo varies from 0.12 to 0.34 m as pressure increases from
1.0 to 1.9 MPa. It indicates that the overall efficiency of thestructured packing decreases
gradually at high pressure, as a result of the vapor backmixing.

Systematic comparison between computer simulation results and those predicted by
Scheutjens-Fleer (SF) self-consistent-field theory is presented for the adsorption of
diblock copolymers from a non-selective solvent on attractive surface. It is shown that
although SF is a mean-field theory, it can qualitatively describe the adsorption phenomena
of diblock copolymers. However, systematic discrepancy between the theory and simulation
still exists. The approximations inherited in the mean-field theory such as random mixing
inside a layer and the allowance of direct back folding may be responsible to those
deviations.

Density functional theory (DFT) is used to calculate adsorption of ethane molecules in
single walled carbon nanotubes. A compari-son of DFT calculations and grand canonical
ensemble Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations is made first and the two methods are in good
agree-ment. Adsorption isotherms and structures of ethane molecules inside the tubes have
been studied by DFT for the nanotubes of diameters 0.954,2.719 and 4.077 nm at 157 K and
ambient temperature, 300 K. By using the grand potential, the positions of phase
transitions are exactly lo-cated, and the effect of temperature and tube diameter on phase
transitions and adsorption is discussed. We found that lowering temperature andincreasing
the pore size of several nanometer is preferable for the ethane adsorption when temperature
is in the range of 157 K-300 K and op-erating pressure reaches several MPa. Layering
transitions and capillary condensations are observed at 157 K in two larger pore
diameters,while these phase transitions disappear or the hysteres is loops become very
narrow at 300 K.

The adsorption properties of chitin adsorbent from mycelium of fermentation industries for
the removal of heavy metal ions werestudied. The result shows that the chitin adsorbent has
high adsorption capacity for many heavy metal ions and Ni2+ in citric acid. The influenceof
pH was significant: When pH is higher than 4.0, the high adsorption capacity is obtained,
otherwise H+ ion inhibits the adsorption of heavymetal ions. The comparison of the chitin
adsorbent with some other commercial adsorbents was made, in which that the adsorption
behavior ofchitin adsorbent is close to that of commercial cation exchange adsorbents, and
its cost is much lower than those commercial adsorbents.

A load-leveling method through adsorption was presented to adjust the supply quantity
according to the consumption rate of naturalgas with time. An experimental simulation set
up was designed and used to test the load-leveling function for a real pipeline system. A
storagetank filled with activated carbon together with a filter constitutes the major part
of the load-leveling facility. Pressure and temperature of thesystem, as well as the reai
gas output of the storage tank were recorded. It is proven that load-leveling by adsorption
is technically feasible evenfor low pipeline pressure of natural gas supply system.

The phase behaviors of toluene/polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixture systems were
investigated with a continuous-flow typeapparatus at 573.2, 598.2, 623.2 and 648.2 K, while
the pressure changed from I to 5MPa. The pseudo-binary phase behaviors were predictedwith
the Peng-Robinson equation of state with interaction parameters between toluene and pseudo
-components considered. The phase diagramsof the system have been classified following the
category of phase boundary diagram models. The extraction selectivity and efficiency of
tolue-ne as a solvent was discussed by comparing with that of hexane. The prediction model
for selectivity was also suggest, ed.

Quantitative representation of complicated behavior of fluid mixtures in the critical
region by any of equation-of-state theories re-mains as a difficult thermodynamic topics to
date. In the present work, a computational efforts were made for representing various types
ofcritical loci of binary water with hydrocarbon systems showing Type Ⅱ and Type Ⅲ phase
behavior by an elementary equation of state [calledmulti-fluid nonrandom lattice fluid EOS
(MF-NLF EOS)] based on the lattice statistical mechanical theory. The model EOS requires
two mo-lecular parameters which representing molecular size and interaction energy for a
pure component end single adjustable interaction energyparameter for binary mixtures.
Critical temperature and pressure data were used to obtain molecular size parameter and
vapor pressure datawere used to obtain interaction energy parameter. The MF-NLF EOS model
adapted in the present study correlated quantitatively well the criti-cal loci of various
binary water with hydrocarbon systems.

The partition coefficients of baicalin were measured in ethylene oxide and propylene oxide
(EOPO)/salt aqueous two-phase systemsat 298.15K. It was found that most of baicalin
partitioned into EOPO-rich phase. The partition coefficients of baicalin varied from 10 to
120.The effect of various factors, including tie-line length, salt composition, molecular
weight of EOPO, and solution pH, on the partition behaviorwas investigated in EOPO/salt
systems. Furthermore the partition coefficients of baicalin were correlated using the
modified Diamond-Hsumodel. Good agreement with experimental data is obtained. The average
relative deviations are less than 5.0%.

The forming mechanism ofmicroemulsion of sodium dodecyl sulfonate, alcohols, water and
isooctane was studied, with particular emphasis on the effect of molecular weight and
concentration of alcohols. Phase diagram of the four components, alcohol,sodium dodecyl
sulfonate, water and isooctane, was used as a means of study, through which the
microemulsion regions were determined. Phase diagram of sodium dodecyl sulfonate/n-
pentanol/isooctane/water system at km, = 2 (km, = Wn-pentanol / WsDs ) is presented.The
variation of conductivities of different microemulsion samples with water was measured.
From the conductivities we investigated a change in structure from water droplets in oil
(W/O) at low water content to liquid crystal at intermediate water content and a struc ture
ofoil droplets in water (O/W) at high water content.

Separation of erucic acid from rape-seed oil using supercritical carbon dioxide with
entrainer was carried on a pilot column with an inner diameter 14 mm and an effective total
height 2.2 m. Experiments were focused on the effects of entrainers, i.e. acetone,ethanol
and ethyl acetate, on the extraction. It is showed that entrainers made selectivity lower,
but separation time shorter.

Liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data of water-caprolactam-benzene-(NH4)2SO4 system at 303 K
were measured for extraction of caprolactam from aqueous ammonium sulfate solution. The
influence of fluid flow rate, pulsation intensity on flooding velocity and mass transfer
was studied for extraction of caprolactam from ammonium sulfate solution in a laboratory
pulsed packed column. The flooding velocities and overall apparent height of a transfer
unit were given under various operation conditions. An industrial column developed based on
above study is operated well. The scale-up effect is discussed.

Ibuprofen is widely used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and produced as racemic
mixture. Its pharmacological activity resides only in S-(+)-enantiomer, and R-(-)-
enantiomer is not only inactive but also has many side effects. Thus it is necessary to
separate Renanfiomer from racemic ibuprofen. We studied optical separation of racemic
Ibuprofen with chiral high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Out of three different
chiral stationary phases, which were selected on the basis of structure and availability,
two were found to be effective. There was optimum eluent composition for each stationary
phase for good resolution in optical separation. Resolution decreased with increase of
eluent flow rate, but effect of injection volume on resolution was insignificant at high
eluent flow rate.

Alpha-interferon 2b (IFN 2b) was produced both in soluble and insoluble forms from
recombinant E. coli. The dissolution of the expressed IFN 2b in inclusion body was carried
out and it was found that the optimal condition to dissolve the expressed protein was 7
mol. L-1guanidininm salt solution at pH 3.0. The resultant solution was diluted 20 times
using pH 6.0 buffer to ref+ld the protein correctly. The cation exchange column was
employed to purify both refolded and soluble IFN 2b. For soluble IFN sample, high IFN 2b
recovery yield (92.1%) with 91.7% purity was obtained in the eluate. However, for refolded
IFN sample, only 72.7% ofIFN 2b was recovered with relatively low purity (56.8%) by cation
exchange chromatography. Although the expression level of insoluble IFN was higher than
that of co-expressed soluble IFN in this recombinant E.coli cells, the productivity of
bioactive IFN 2b was higher with soluble expressed IFN after primary purification process.
Soluble expression of foreign proteins in recombinant bacteria might be an alternative
strategy for efficient production of heterogeneous proteins due to high bioactivity and
simple downstream protein purification process.

The first dedicated protein chromatography media were introduced during the 1950s and
1960s. There was an early awareness of the possibility of using these for production
applications within the biopharmaceutical industry. However, the crucial limitation was the
fact that those media that were most compatible with proteins lent themselves less
favourably to scaling-up. The problems were primarily physical. Thus the fibrous cellulose
media showed bed cracking tendencies and the bead shaped polyacrylamide, dextran, and
agarose gel media, then available,were too soft to stand the hydrodynamic forces acting in
large columns, leading to bed compaction and increased pressure drop. At the time, the best
solution to the latter problem, after a number of intermediary solutions were tried, was
the introduction of the stacked column concept in which several short column segments were
connected by small bore tubing, thus reducing the force acting on the particles in each bed
compartment. However, the ultimate remedy, the introduction of chromatographic matrices
that combine the desired features of adequate rigidity,macroporosity, biocompatibility,
chemical stability (for CIP and SIP) and derivatizability, did not occur until the middle
of the 1980s when adequately cross-linked agarose gel media such as Sepharose(R) Fast Flow
were made available. The paper also recognizes the many attempts made during the past 50
years to develop continous chromatography columns. Most of the designs are based on an
annular bed or on an array of annularly arranged parallel columns continuously fed with
samples in a cyclic manner. The introduction of media and columns for expanded bed
adsorption followed a demand for fewer purification steps and shorter process times. In
recent years, columns have been introduced that allow packing and repacking without needing
to open the column. The review provides an historical account of the developments that have
led to the present state-of-the-art both regarding large diameter columns and gel media
intended for industrial applications of protein chromatography and also discusses the
current trends that point to possible future applications.

New models for describing hydrodynamics and mass transfer performance in supercritical
fluid extraction columns were proposed.Those models were proved by experimental data, which
were obtained in supercritical fluid extraction packed column, spray column and sieve tray
column respectively. The inner diameter of those columns are φ25 mm. These experimental
systems include supercritical carbon dioxide-isopropanol-water and supercritical carbon
dioxide-ethanol-water, in which supercritical carbon dioxide was dispersed phase, and
another was continuous phase. The extraction processes were operated with continuous
conntercurrent flow. The predicted values are agreed well with ex-perimental data.

Matrix expression of finite orthogonal wavelet transform of finite impulse response signal
is more valuable for theoretical analysis and understanding. However, clear deduction for
matrix expression has not been provided yet. In this paper, the formulation to generate the
related matrix is put forward and the theorem on the orthogonality of this matrix proved.
This effort deploys a basis for more deeper and wider applications in chemical processes.

A lattice fluid model, Sanchez-Lacombe equation, is used to predict the phase behavior for
a styrene/CO2/polystyrene ternary system. The binary parameters involved in the equation
were optimized using experimental data. Phase diagrams and the distribution coefficients of
styrene between polymer phase and fluid phase are obtained over a wide range of pressure,
temperature and composition. The analysis of ternary phase diagrams indicates that this
system at relatively high pressure or low temperature may display two-phase equilibrium,
and at low pressures or high temperatures three-phase equilibrium may appear. The
distribution coefficients of styrene between the fluid phase and the polymer phase increase
asymptotically to unity when the concentration of styrene increases. The results provide
thermodynamic knowledge for further exploitation of supercritical carbon dioxide assisted
devolatilization and impregnation.

A method for incorporation of controlling the heat exchanger networks with or without
splits is proposed by integrating mathematical programming and knowledge engineering. The
simultaneous optimal mathematical model is established. This method can be practically used
in the integration of large-scale heat exchanger networks, not only to synthesize
automatically but also to satisfy the requirement of structural controllability with more
objective human intervention.

A pharmacological interaction target (PIT) method for solving the difficult problem in the
separation of taxol from cephalonmanine was proposed. A two-phase extraction technique was
used to carry out the PIT separation process. The effects of buffer, temperature and
protein on the separation were investigated. Feasible disassembly conditions were also
discussed. The final purity of taxol can reach 95% or higher.

Adsorption isotherm is the most fundamental information related to chromatography. To
calculate the parameters of Langmuir adsorption isotherm of thymidine, frontal analysis
(FA) and elution-curve method (ECM) were adopted in reversed-phase high performance liguid
chromatography (RP-HPLC). In FA, the concentration of stationary phase was measured from
the elution curves and the isotherm was determined by regression analysis, while the
parameters by ECM were obtained by parameter optimization. The adsorption isotherms of
thymidine from the two methods were very similar. The superiority of ECM over FA was that
the consumption of sample was less and only one or two injections of sample were required.

The gel filtration was carried out for purification of cellulase. The influences of
chromatographic parameters on the resolution were studied to determine the optimal
conditions for purification. The purified endoglucanase was obtained by gel filtration by
Superdex 75 prep grade with an activity recovery of 92.8% and the purification factor 4.2.
The sample volume should be below 6 % of the column bed volume and the column bed height L
≥ 12.0 cm. The optimum catalysis temperature and pH for the enzyme were 55 ℃ and 4.5-5.0,
respectively. The cellulase was stable at pH ranging from 4.0 to 6.0 and temperature below
60 ℃.