Improving hydrocarbons production via catalytic co-pyrolysis of torrefied-biomass with plastics and dual catalytic pyrolysis

doi:10.1016/j.cjche.2020.09.074

Abstract

Abstract: To increase the low yield and selectivity of aromatic hydrocarbons during the biomass pyrolysis process, we torrefied the biomass and then co-pyrolyzing with plastics such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polystyrene (PS), ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) and polypropylene (PP) and also single and dual catalyst layouts were investigated by Py-GC/MS. The results showed that non-catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) of raw bagasse (RBG) generated no aromatics. After torrefaction non-CFP of torrefied bagasse (TBG) generated low aromatic yield. Indicating that torrefaction would enhance the proportion of aromatics during the pyrolysis process. The CFP of TBG_200℃ and TBG_240℃ over ZSM-5 produced the total aromatic yield of 1.96 and 1.88 times higher, respectively, compared to non-CFP of TBG. Furthermore, the addition of plastic could increase H/Ceff ratio of the mixture, consequently, increase the yield of aromatic compounds. Among the various torrefied-bagasse/plastic mixtures, the CFP of TBG/EVA (7:3 ratio) mixture generated the highest the total aromatic yield of 7.7 times more than the CFP of TBG alone. The dual catalyst layout could enhance the yield of aromatics hydrocarbons. The dual-catalytic co-pyrolysis of TBG_200℃/plastic (1:1) ratio over USY (ultra-stable Y zeolite)/ZSM-5, improved the total aromatics yield by 4.33 times more than the catalytic pyrolysis of TBG_200oC alone over ZSM-5 catalyst. The above results showed that the yield and selectivities of light aromatic hydrocarbons can be improved via catalytic co-pyrolysis and dual catalytic co-pyrolysis of torrefied-biomass with plastics.

Key words: Torrefaction, Biomass, Plastics, Co-Pyrolysis, Dual-catalyst, Aromatics, Selectivity

摘要： To increase the low yield and selectivity of aromatic hydrocarbons during the biomass pyrolysis process, we torrefied the biomass and then co-pyrolyzing with plastics such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polystyrene (PS), ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) and polypropylene (PP) and also single and dual catalyst layouts were investigated by Py-GC/MS. The results showed that non-catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) of raw bagasse (RBG) generated no aromatics. After torrefaction non-CFP of torrefied bagasse (TBG) generated low aromatic yield. Indicating that torrefaction would enhance the proportion of aromatics during the pyrolysis process. The CFP of TBG_200℃ and TBG_240℃ over ZSM-5 produced the total aromatic yield of 1.96 and 1.88 times higher, respectively, compared to non-CFP of TBG. Furthermore, the addition of plastic could increase H/Ceff ratio of the mixture, consequently, increase the yield of aromatic compounds. Among the various torrefied-bagasse/plastic mixtures, the CFP of TBG/EVA (7:3 ratio) mixture generated the highest the total aromatic yield of 7.7 times more than the CFP of TBG alone. The dual catalyst layout could enhance the yield of aromatics hydrocarbons. The dual-catalytic co-pyrolysis of TBG_200℃/plastic (1:1) ratio over USY (ultra-stable Y zeolite)/ZSM-5, improved the total aromatics yield by 4.33 times more than the catalytic pyrolysis of TBG_200oC alone over ZSM-5 catalyst. The above results showed that the yield and selectivities of light aromatic hydrocarbons can be improved via catalytic co-pyrolysis and dual catalytic co-pyrolysis of torrefied-biomass with plastics.

关键词: Torrefaction, Biomass, Plastics, Co-Pyrolysis, Dual-catalyst, Aromatics, Selectivity

Peter Keliona Wani Likun, Huiyan Zhang, Yuyang Fan. Improving hydrocarbons production via catalytic co-pyrolysis of torrefied-biomass with plastics and dual catalytic pyrolysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2022, 42(2): 196-209.

References

[1] J. Yu, L.S. Sun, C. Ma, Y. Qiao, H. Yao, Thermal degradation of PVC:A review, Waste Manag 48 (2016) 300-314
[2] W.H. Cheung, V.K. Lee, G. McKay, Minimizing dioxin emissions from integrated MSW thermal treatment, Environ Sci Technol 41 (6) (2007) 2001-2007
[3] Y.J. Tang, Q.X. Huang, K. Sun, Y. Chi, J.H. Yan, Co-pyrolysis characteristics and kinetic analysis of organic food waste and plastic, Bioresour Technol 249 (2018) 16-23
[4] P. Lu, Q.X. Huang, A.C. (Thanos) Bourtsalas, Y. Chi, J.H. Yan, Synergistic effects on char and oil produced by the co-pyrolysis of pine wood, polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride, Fuel 230 (2018) 359-367
[5] S.R. Wang, G.X. Dai, H.P. Yang, Z.Y. Luo, Lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis mechanism:A state-of-the-art review, Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 62 (2017) 33-86
[6] E. Önal, B.B. Uzun, A.E. Pütün, Bio-oil production via co-pyrolysis of almond shell as biomass and high density polyethylene, Energy Convers. Manag. 78 (2014) 704-710
[7] L.M. Zhou, Y.P. Wang, Q.W. Huang, J.Q. Cai, Thermogravimetric characteristics and kinetic of plastic and biomass blends co-pyrolysis, Fuel Process. Technol. 87 (11) (2006) 963-969
[8] W.M. Chen, S.K. Shi, J. Zhang, M.Z. Chen, X.Y. Zhou, Co-pyrolysis of waste newspaper with high-density polyethylene:Synergistic effect and oil characterization, Energy Convers. Manag. 112 (2016) 41-48
[9] V.I. Sharypov, N.G. Beregovtsova, B.N. Kuznetsov, V.L. Cebolla, S. Collura, G. Finqueneisel, T. Zimny, J.V. Weber, Influence of reaction parameters on brown coal-polyolefinic plastic co-pyrolysis behavior, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 78 (2) (2007) 257-264
[10] T. Murakami, T. Suda, S. Mouri, J. Shigeta, T. Hirata, T. Fujimori, W.G. Huang, Co-gasification of sewage sludge and plastic wastes:Evaluation of experiment and application, J. Jpn. Inst. Energy 85 (12) (2006) 964-970
[11] G. Mauviel, M. Guillain, F. Kies, K. Fairouz, M.S. René, S.R. Mar, M. Ferrer, F. Monique, J. Lédé, L. Jacques, Attrition-free pyrolysis to produce bio-oil and char, Bioresour Technol 100 (23) (2009) 6069-6075
[12] A. Oasmaa, S. Czernik, Fuel oil quality of biomass pyrolysis oils state of the art for the end users, Energy Fuels 13 (4) (1999) 914-921
[13] E. Salehi, J. Abedi, T. Harding, Bio-oil from sawdust:Pyrolysis of sawdust in a fixed-bed system, Energy Fuels 23 (7) (2009) 3767-3772
[14] A.V. Bridgwater, D. Meier, D. Radlein, An overview of fast pyrolysis of biomass, Org. Geochem. 30 (12) (1999) 1479-1493
[15] P.Y. Qi, G.Z. Chang, H.C. Wang, X.L. Zhang, Q.J. Guo, Production of aromatic hydrocarbons by catalytic co-pyrolysis of microalgae and polypropylene using HZSM-5, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 136 (2018) 178-185
[16] Y. Xue, A. Kelkar, X.L. Bai, Catalytic co-pyrolysis of biomass and polyethylene in a tandem micropyrolyzer, Fuel 166 (2016) 227-236
[17] J. Wang, B. Zhang, Z.P. Zhong, K. Ding, A.D. Deng, M. Min, P. Chen, R. Ruan, Catalytic fast co-pyrolysis of bamboo residual and waste lubricating oil over an ex-situ dual catalytic beds of MgO and HZSM-5:Analytical PY-GC/MS study, Energy Convers. Manag. 139 (2017) 222-231
[18] H.L. Chiang, K.H. Lin, N.N. Lai, Z.X. Shieh, Element and PAH constituents in the residues and liquid oil from biosludge pyrolysis in an electrical thermal furnace, Sci Total Environ 481 (2014) 533-541
[19] R. French, S. Czernik, Catalytic pyrolysis of biomass for biofuels production, Fuel Process. Technol. 91 (1) (2010) 25-32
[20] C.A. Mullen, A.A. Boateng, Catalytic pyrolysis-GC/MS of lignin from several sources, Fuel Process. Technol. 91 (11) (2010) 1446-1458
[21] X.S. Zhang, H.W. Lei, S.L. Chen, J. Wu, Catalytic co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass with polymers:A critical review, Green Chem. 18 (15) (2016) 4145-4169
[22] S.S. Lam, A.D. Russell, C.L. Lee, S.K. Lam, H.A. Chase, Production of hydrogen and light hydrocarbons as a potential gaseous fuel from microwave-heated pyrolysis of waste automotive engine oil, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 37 (6) (2012) 5011-5021
[23] H.Y. Zhang, Y.T. Cheng, T.P. Vispute, R. Xiao, G.W. Huber, Catalytic conversion of biomass-derived feedstocks into olefins and aromatics with ZSM-5:The hydrogen to carbon effective ratio, Energy Environ. Sci. 4 (6) (2011) 2297
[24] H.W. Ryu, H.W. Lee, J. Jae, Y.K. Park, Catalytic pyrolysis of lignin for the production of aromatic hydrocarbons:Effect of magnesium oxide catalyst, Energy 179 (2019) 669-675
[25] N. Chen, T. Degnan, L. Koenig, Liquid fuel from carbohydrates, Chemtech 16 (1986) 506-511
[26] B. Valle, B. Aramburu, C. Santiviago, J. Bilbao, A.G. Gayubo, Upgrading of bio-oil in a continuous process with dolomite catalyst, Energy Fuels 28 (10) (2014) 6419-6428
[27] S. Czernik, A.V. Bridgwater, Overview of applications of biomass fast pyrolysis oil, Energy Fuels 18 (2) (2004) 590-598
[28] M.H.M. Ahmed, N. Batalha, H.M.D. Mahmudul, G. Perkins, M. Konarova, A review on advanced catalytic co-pyrolysis of biomass and hydrogen-rich feedstock:Insights into synergistic effect, catalyst development and reaction mechanism, Bioresour Technol 310 (2020) 123457
[29] H.W. Ryu, D.H. Kim, J. Jae, S.S. Lam, E.D. Park, Y.K. Park, Recent advances in catalytic co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic waste for the production of petroleum-like hydrocarbons, Bioresour Technol 310 (2020) 123473
[30] B. Zhang, Z.P. Zhong, M. Min, K. Ding, Q.L. Xie, R. Ruan, Catalytic fast co-pyrolysis of biomass and food waste to produce aromatics:Analytical Py-GC/MS study, Bioresour Technol 189 (2015) 30-35
[31] E. Jakab, G. Várhegyi, O. Faix, Thermal decomposition of polypropylene in the presence of wood-derived materials, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 56 (2) (2000) 273-285
[32] B.B. Uzoejinwa, X.H. He, S. Wang, A. El-Fatah Abomohra, Y.M. Hu, Q. Wang, Co-pyrolysis of biomass and waste plastics as a thermochemical conversion technology for high-grade biofuel production:Recent progress and future directions elsewhere worldwide, Energy Convers. Manag. 163 (2018) 468-492
[33] Y.J. Guan, Y. Ma, K. Zhang, H.G. Chen, G. Xu, W.Y. Liu, Y.P. Yang, Co-pyrolysis behaviors of energy grass and lignite, Energy Convers. Manag. 93 (2015) 132-140
[34] P.J. de Wild, H. den Uil, J.H. Reith, A. Lunshof, C. Hendriks, E.R.H. van Eck, E.J. Heeres, Bioenergy II:Biomass valorisation by a hybrid thermochemical fractionation approach, Int. J. Chem. React. Eng. 7(1) (2009) A51-1-A51-27.
[35] A.Q. Zheng, Z.L. Zhao, S. Chang, Z. Huang, F. He, H.B. Li, Effect of torrefaction temperature on product distribution from two-staged pyrolysis of biomass, Energy Fuels 26 (5) (2012) 2968-2974
[36] J.J. Meng, J. Park, D. Tilotta, S. Park, The effect of torrefaction on the chemistry of fast-pyrolysis bio-oil, Bioresour Technol 111 (2012) 439-446
[37] W. Yan, T.C. Acharjee, C.J. Coronella, V.R. Vasquez, Thermal pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass, Environ. Prog. Sustainable Energy, 28 (2009) 435-440
[38] H.Y. Zhang, P.K.W. Likun, R. Xiao, Improving the hydrocarbon production via co-pyrolysis of bagasse with bio-plastic and dual-catalysts layout, Sci Total Environ 618 (2018) 151-156
[39] J. Wang, Z.P. Zhong, K. Ding, M. Li, N.J. Hao, X.Z. Meng, R. Ruan, A.J. Ragauskas, Catalytic fast co-pyrolysis of bamboo sawdust and waste tire using a tandem reactor with cascade bubbling fluidized bed and fixed bed system, Energy Convers. Manag. 180 (2019) 60-71
[40] K. Ding, Z.P. Zhong, J. Wang, B. Zhang, L.L. Fan, S.Y. Liu, Y.P. Wang, Y.H. Liu, D.X. Zhong, P. Chen, R. Ruan, Improving hydrocarbon yield from catalytic fast co-pyrolysis of hemicellulose and plastic in the dual-catalyst bed of CaO and HZSM-5, Bioresour Technol 261 (2018) 86-92
[41] B. Acharya, I. Sule, A. Dutta, A review on advances of torrefaction technologies for biomass processing, Biomass Convers. Biorefinery 2 (4) (2012) 349-369
[42] M.J.C. van der Stelt, H. Gerhauser, J.H.A. Kiel, K.J. Ptasinski, Biomass upgrading by torrefaction for the production of biofuels:A review, Biomass Bioenergy 35 (9) (2011) 3748-3762
[43] Q.V. Bach, Ø. Skreiberg, Upgrading biomass fuels via wet torrefaction:A review and comparison with dry torrefaction, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 54 (2016) 665-677
[44] J. Shankar Tumuluru, S. Sokhansanj, J.R. Hess, C.T. Wright, R.D. Boardman, REVIEW:A review on biomass torrefaction process and product properties for energy applications, Ind. Biotechnol. 7 (5) (2011) 384-401
[45] T.R. Carlson, G.A. Tompsett, W.C. Conner, G.W. Huber, Aromatic production from catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass-derived feedstocks, Top. Catal. 52 (3) (2009) 241-252
[46] H.P. Yang, R. Yan, H.P. Chen, C.G. Zheng, D.H. Lee, D.T. Liang, In-depth investigation of biomass pyrolysis based on three major components:Hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, Energy Fuels 20 (1) (2006) 388-393
[47] G. Leofanti, M. Padovan, G. Tozzola, B. Venturelli, Surface area and pore texture of catalysts, Catal. Today 41 (1-3) (1998) 207-219
[48] S. Kelkar, C.M. Saffron, K. Andreassi, Z.L. Li, A. Murkute, D.J. Miller, T.J. Pinnavaia, R.M. Kriegel, A survey of catalysts for aromatics from fast pyrolysis of biomass, Appl. Catal. B:Environ. 174-175 (2015) 85-95
[49] G. Fogassy, N. Thegarid, Y. Schuurman, C. Mirodatos, From biomass to bio-gasoline by FCC co-processing:Effect of feed composition and catalyst structure on product quality, Energy Environ. Sci. 4 (12) (2011) 5068
[50] X. Xin, S.S. Pang, F. de Miguel Mercader, K.M. Torr, The effect of biomass pretreatment on catalytic pyrolysis products of pine wood by Py-GC/MS and principal component analysis, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 138 (2019) 145-153
[51] B.J. McGrattan, Examining the decomposition of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers using TG/GC/IR, Appl. Spectrosc. 48 (12) (1994) 1472-1476