Relationship between pore structure and hydration activity of CaO from carbide slag

doi:10.1016/j.cjche.2019.02.024

Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering ›› 2019, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (11): 2771-2782.DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2019.02.024

• Energy, Resources and Environmental Technology • Previous Articles Next Articles

Relationship between pore structure and hydration activity of CaO from carbide slag

Junqiang Zhang¹, Shu Zhang², Mei Zhong³, Zhi Wang¹, Guoyu Qian¹, Junhao Liu¹, Xuzhong Gong^1,4

1 Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China;
2 College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
3 Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Conversion & Chemical Engineering Process(Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China;
4 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

Received:2019-01-01 Revised:2019-02-18 Online:2020-01-19 Published:2019-11-28
Contact: Shu Zhang, Xuzhong Gong
Supported by:
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1610101, 51422405).

Relationship between pore structure and hydration activity of CaO from carbide slag

Junqiang Zhang¹, Shu Zhang², Mei Zhong³, Zhi Wang¹, Guoyu Qian¹, Junhao Liu¹, Xuzhong Gong^1,4

1 Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China;
2 College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
3 Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Conversion & Chemical Engineering Process(Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China;
4 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

通讯作者: Shu Zhang, Xuzhong Gong
基金资助:
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1610101, 51422405).

Abstract

Abstract: CaO needs to show high activity to be used as Ca-sorbent and slagging agent. Hydration activity is an important characteristic to evaluate the activity of CaO. In this study, carbide slag from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) industry was utilized as precursor for preparing high activity CaO. The roles of crystallite grain, average pore diameter (APD) and volume fraction of pore < 200 nm in diameter (VF200) in hydration activity of CaO from carbide slag (CS-CaO) were respectively investigated. The hydrolysis kinetics model of CaO shows a three-dimensional spherically symmetric diffusion model (D4), which suggests that hydration activity was mainly associated with APD and VF200 of CS-CaO with limited correlation to the crystal size. Specifically, the hydration activity of CS-CaO is increased with increasing VF200, while decreased with increasing APD. Under the invariable calcination temperature, the core-shell structure formed by the addition of graphite or CaCO₃ to CS effectively inhibits the sintering of CS-CaO and improves VF200. Consequently, the hydration activity of CS-CaO increased from 22.79℃·min^-1 to 27.19℃·min^-1 and to 29.27℃·min^-1, with addition of 5% graphite or 5% CaCO₃ into carbide slag, respectively.

Key words: Carbide slag, CaO, Hydration activity, Sintering, Pore volume fraction

摘要： CaO needs to show high activity to be used as Ca-sorbent and slagging agent. Hydration activity is an important characteristic to evaluate the activity of CaO. In this study, carbide slag from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) industry was utilized as precursor for preparing high activity CaO. The roles of crystallite grain, average pore diameter (APD) and volume fraction of pore < 200 nm in diameter (VF200) in hydration activity of CaO from carbide slag (CS-CaO) were respectively investigated. The hydrolysis kinetics model of CaO shows a three-dimensional spherically symmetric diffusion model (D4), which suggests that hydration activity was mainly associated with APD and VF200 of CS-CaO with limited correlation to the crystal size. Specifically, the hydration activity of CS-CaO is increased with increasing VF200, while decreased with increasing APD. Under the invariable calcination temperature, the core-shell structure formed by the addition of graphite or CaCO₃ to CS effectively inhibits the sintering of CS-CaO and improves VF200. Consequently, the hydration activity of CS-CaO increased from 22.79℃·min^-1 to 27.19℃·min^-1 and to 29.27℃·min^-1, with addition of 5% graphite or 5% CaCO₃ into carbide slag, respectively.

关键词: Carbide slag, CaO, Hydration activity, Sintering, Pore volume fraction

Junqiang Zhang, Shu Zhang, Mei Zhong, Zhi Wang, Guoyu Qian, Junhao Liu, Xuzhong Gong. Relationship between pore structure and hydration activity of CaO from carbide slag[J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2019, 27(11): 2771-2782.

Junqiang Zhang, Shu Zhang, Mei Zhong, Zhi Wang, Guoyu Qian, Junhao Liu, Xuzhong Gong. Relationship between pore structure and hydration activity of CaO from carbide slag[J]. 中国化学工程学报, 2019, 27(11): 2771-2782.

References

[1] J. Cheng, J.H. Zhou, J. Liu, X.Y. Cao, K.F. Cen, Physicochemical characterizations and desulfurization properties in coal combustion of three calcium and sodium industrial wastes, Energy Fuel 23(2009) 2506-2516.
[2] Q. Wen, S. Pan, L. Hu, Industrial Solid Waste Treatment in China, 2014 International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics, 20141082-1088.
[3] J.M. Valverde, P.E. Sanchez-Jimenez, L.A. Perez-Maqueda, Ca-looping for post combustion CO₂ capture:A comparative analysis on the performances of dolomite and limestone, Appl. Energy 138(2015) 202-215.
[4] M. Kavosh, K. Patchigolla, E.J. Anthony, J.E. Oakey, Carbonation performance of lime for cyclic CO₂ capture following limestone calcination in steam/CO₂ atmosphere, Appl. Energy 131(2014) 499-507.
[5] Y. Wang, S.Y. Lin, Y. Suzuki, Experimental study on CO₂ capture conditions of a fluidized bed limestone decomposition reactor, Fuel Process. Technol. 91(2010) 958-963.
[6] W. Zhang, Y.J. Li, Z.R. He, X.T. Ma, H.P. Song, CO₂ capture by carbide slag calcined under high-concentration steam and energy requirement in calcium looping conditions, Appl. Energy 206(2017) 869-878.
[7] C. Ortiz, J.M. Valverde, R. Chacartegui, M. Benítez-Guerrero, A. Perejón, L.M. Romeo, The Oxy-CaL process:A novel CO₂ capture system by integrating partial oxycombustion with the calcium-looping process, Appl. Energy 196(2017) 1-17.
[8] Z.R. He, Y.J. Li, W. Zhang, X.T. Ma, L.B. Duan, H.P. Song, Effect of re-carbonation on CO₂ capture by carbide slag and energy consumption in the calciner, Energy Convers. Manag. 148(2017) 1468-1477.
[9] Z.S. Li, N.S. Cai, Y.Y. Huang, Effect of preparation temperature on cyclic CO₂ capture and multiple carbonation-calcination cycles for a new ca-based CO₂ sorbent, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 45(2006) 1911-1917.
[10] Y.J. Li, C.S. Zhao, L.B. Duan, C. Liang, Q.Z. Li, W. Zhou, H.C. Chen, Cyclic calcination/carbonation looping of dolomite modified with acetic acid for CO₂ capture, Fuel Process. Technol. 89(2008) 1461-1469.
[11] F.N. Ridha, V. Manovic, A. Macchi, E.J. Anthony, The effect of SO₂ on CO₂ capture by CaO-based pellets prepared with a kaolin derived Al(OH)3 binder, Appl. Energy 92(2012) 415-420.
[12] E. Serris, L. Favergeon, M. Pijolat, M. Soustelle, P. Nortier, R.S. Gärtner, T. Chopin, Z. Habib, Study of the hydration of CaO powder by gas-solid reaction, Cement Concrete Res. 41(2011) 1078-1084.
[13] S.Y. Lin, M. Harada, Y. Suzuki, H. Hatano, CaO hydration rate at high temperature (～1023 K), Energy Fuel 20(2006) 903-908.
[14] Y.J. Li, R.Y. Sun, C.T. Liu, H.L. Liu, C.M. Lu, CO₂ capture by carbide slag from chlor-alkali plant in calcination/carbonation cycles, Int. J. Greenhouse Gas Contr. 9(2012) 117-123.
[15] Y.J. Li, W.J. Wang, X.X. Cheng, M.Y. Su, X.T. Ma, X. Xie, Simultaneous CO₂/HCl removal using carbide slag in repetitive adsorption/desorption cycles, Fuel 142(2015) 21-27.
[16] J.M. Valverde, P.E. Sanchez-Jimenez, L.A. Perez-Maqueda, Calcium-looping for postcombustion CO₂ capture. On the adverse effect of sorbent regeneration under CO₂, Appl. Energy 126(2014) 161-171.
[17] C.L. Qin, D.L. He, Z.H. Zhang, L.L. Tan, J.Y. Ran, The consecutive calcination/sulfation in calcium looping for CO₂ capture:Particle modeling and behaviour investigation, Chem. Eng. J. 334(2018) 2238-2249.
[18] H.R. Radfarnia, A. Sayari, A highly efficient CaO-based CO₂ sorbent prepared by a citrate-assisted sol-gel technique, Chem. Eng. J. 262(2015) 913-920.
[19] Y.C. Hu, W.Q. Liu, Y. Peng, Y.D. Yang, J. Sun, H.Q. Chen, Z.J. Zhou, M.H. Xu, One-step synthesis of highly efficient CaO-based CO₂ sorbent pellets via gel-casting technique, Fuel Process. Technol. 160(2017) 70-77.
[20] Y. Zhao, P.Y. Xu, L.D. Wang, Simultaneous removal of SO₂ and NO by highly reactive absorbent containing calcium hypochlorite, AIChE J. 27(2008) 460-468.
[21] L. Biganzoli, G. Racanella, L. Rigamonti, R. Marras, M. Grosso, High temperature abatement of acid gases from waste incineration. Part I:Experimental tests in full scale plants, Waste Manag. 36(2015) 98-105.
[22] J. Partanen, P. Backman, R. Backman, M. Hupa, Absorption of HCl by limestone in hot flue gases. Part III:Simultaneous absorption with SO₂, Fuel 84(2005) 1685-1694.
[23] X. Xie, Y.J. Li, W.J. Wang, L. Shi, HCl removal using cycled carbide slag from calcium looping cycles, Appl. Energy 135(2014) 391-401.
[24] C.S. Chyang, Y.L. Han, Z.C. Zhong, Study of HCl absorption by CaO at high temperature, Energy Fuel 23(2009) 3948-3953.
[25] Z.C. Sun, F.C. Yu, F.X. Li, S.G. Li, L.S. Fan, Experimental study of HCl capture using CaO sorbents:Activation, deactivation, reactivation, and ionic transfer mechanism, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 50(2011) 6034-6043.
[26] T. Chin, A.R. Yan, D.T. Liang, Study of the reaction of lime with HCl under simulated flue gas conditions using X-ray diffraction characterization and thermodynamic prediction, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 44(2005) 8730-8738.
[27] D.W. Zhao, H.B. Li, Y. Cui, J. Yang, Control of inclusion composition in calcium treated aluminum killed steels, ISIJ Int. 56(2016) 1181-1187.
[28] G.W. Yang, X.H. Wang, Inclusion evolution after calcium addition in low carbon alkilled steel with ultra-low sulfur content, ISIJ Int. 55(2015) 126-133.
[29] R. Sah, S.K. Dutta, Effects of binder on the properties of iron ore-coal composite pellets, Min. Proc. Ext. Met. Rev. 31(2010) 73-85.
[30] M. Erans, V. Manovic, E.J. Anthony, Calcium looping sorbents for CO₂ capture, Appl. Energy 180(2016) 722-742.
[31] Z.C. Sun, H. Chi, L.S. Fan, Physical and chemical mechanism for increased surface area and pore volume of CaO in water hydration, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 51(2012) 10793-10799.
[32] C.B. Wang, Y. Zhang, L.F. Jia, Y.W. Tan, Effect of water vapor on the pore structure and sulfation of CaO, Fuel 130(2014) 60-65.
[33] S.K. Bhatia, D.D. Perlmutter, Effect of the product layer on the kinetics of the CO₂-lime reaction, AIChE J. 29(1983) 79-86.
[34] C.B. Wang, X. Zhou, L.F. Jia, Y.W. Tan, Sintering of limestone in calcination/carbonation cycles, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 53(2014) 16235-16244.
[35] J.M. Valverde, P.E. Sanchez-Jimenez, L.A. Perez-Maqueda, Limestone calcination nearby equilibrium:Kinetics, CaO crystal structure, sintering and reactivity, J. Phys. Chem. C 119(2015) 1623-1641.
[36] A. Biasin, C.U. Segre, M. Strumendo, CaCO₃ crystallite evolution during CaO carbonation:Critical crystallite size and rate constant measurement by in-situ synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction, Cryst. Growth Des. 15(2015) 5188-5201.
[37] S.F. Wu, Q.H. Li, J.N. Kim, K.B. Yi, Properties of a nano CaO/Al₂O₃ CO₂ sorbent, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 47(2008) 180-184.
[38] J.Y. Jing, T.Y. Li, X.W. Zhang, S.D. Wang, J. Feng, W.A. Turmel, W.Y. Li, Enhanced CO₂ sorption performance of CaO/Ca₃A_l2O₆ sorbents and its sintering-resistance mechanism, Appl. Energy 199(2017) 225-233.
[39] Y. Fujimori, X.H. Zhao, X. Shao, S.V. Levchenko, N. Nilius, M. Sterrer, H.J. Freund, Interaction of water with the CaO (001) surface, J. Phys. Chem. C 120(2016) 5565-5576.
[40] I. Yanase, T. Sasaki, H. Kobayashi, Effect of orientation of CaO plate-like particle on CO₂ adsorption property, Powder Technol. 315(2017) 15-21.
[41] J.P. Allen, S.C. Parker, D.W. Price, Atomistic simulation of the surface carbonation of calcium and magnesium oxide surfaces, J. Phys. Chem. C 113(2009) 8320-8328.
[42] Y.J. Li, M.Y. Su, X. Xie, S.M. Wu, C.T. Liu, CO₂ capture performance of synthetic sorbent prepared from carbide slag and aluminum nitrate hydrate by combustion synthesis, Appl. Energy 145(2015) 60-68.
[43] Y.J. Li, C.S. Zhao, H.C. Chen, Y.K. Liu, Enhancement of Ca-based sorbent multicyclic behavior in Ca looping process for CO₂ separation, Chem. Eng. Technol. 32(2009) 548-555.
[44] F.N. Ridha, V. Manovic, A. Macchi, M.A. Anthony, E.J. Anthony, Assessment of limestone treatment with organic acids for CO₂ capture in Ca-looping cycles, Fuel Process. Technol. 116(2013) 284-291.
[45] R.Y. Sun, Y.J. Li, S.M. Wu, C.T. Liu, H.L. Liu, C.M. Lu, Enhancement of CO₂ capture capacity by modifying limestone with propionic acid, Powder Technol. 233(2013) 8-14.
[46] H.R. Radfarnia, M.C. Iliuta, Limestone acidification using citric acid coupled with two-step calcination for improving the CO₂ sorbent activity, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 52(2013) 7002-7013.
[47] C.Y. Chi, Y.J. Li, X.T. Ma, L.B. Duan, CO₂ capture performance of CaO modified with by-product of biodiesel at calcium looping conditions, Chem. Eng. J. 326(2017) 378-388.
[48] W.J. Wang, L.L. Fan, G.P. Wang, Y.H. Li, CO₂ and SO₂ sorption on the alkali metals doped CaO (100) surface:A DFT-D study, Appl. Surf. Sci. 425(2017) 972-977.
[49] L. Barelli, G. Bidini, A. Di Michele, F. Gallorini, C. Petrillo, F. Sacchetti, Synthesis and test of sorbents based on calcium aluminates for SE-SR, Appl. Energy 127(2014) 81-92.
[50] M.M. Zhang, Y.X. Peng, Y.Z. Sun, P. Li, J.G. Yu, Preparation of CaO-Al₂O₃ sorbent and CO₂ capture performance at high temperature, Fuel 111(2013) 636-642.
[51] R. Filitz, A.M. Kierzkowska, M. Broda, C.R. Müller, Highly efficient CO₂ sorbents:Development of synthetic, calcium-rich dolomites, Environ. Sci. Technol. 46(2011) 559-565.
[52] M. Aihara, T. Nagai, J. Mastsushita, Y. Negishi, H. Ohya, Development of porous solid reactant for thermal-energy storage and temperature upgrade using carbonation/decarbonation reaction, Appl. Energy 69(2001) 225-238.
[53] P.E. Sanchez-Jimenez, L.A. Perez-Maqueda, J.M. Valverde, Nanosilica supported CaO:A regenerable and mechanically hard CO₂ sorbent at Ca-looping conditions, Appl. Energy 118(2014) 92-99.
[54] R.Y. Sun, Y.J. Li, H.L. Liu, S.M. Wu, C.M. Lu, CO₂ capture performance of calcium-based sorbent doped with manganese salts during calcium looping cycle, Appl. Energy 89(2012) 368-373.
[55] R. Koirala, G.K. Reddy, P.G. Smirniotis, Single nozzle flame-made highly durable metal doped Ca-based sorbents for CO₂ capture at high temperature, Energy Fuel 26(2011) 3103-3109.
[56] I. Fujii, M. Ishino, S. Akiyama, M.S. Murthy, K.S. Rajanandam, Behavior of Ca(OH)2/CaO pellet under dehydration and hydration, Sol. Energy 53(1994) 329-341.
[57] N.B. Singh, N.P. Singh, Formation of CaO from thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate in the presence of carboxylic acids, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 89(2007) 159-162.
[58] J.W. Shi, Y.J. Li, Q. Zhang, X.T. Ma, L.B. Duan, X.G. Zhou, CO₂ capture performance of a novel synthetic CaO/sepiolite sorbent at calcium looping conditions, Appl. Energy 203(2017) 412-421.
[59] X.T. Ma, Y.J. Li, L. Shi, Z.R. He, Z.Y. Wang, Fabrication and CO₂ capture performance of magnesia-stabilized carbide slag by by-product of biodiesel during calcium looping process, Appl. Energy 168(2016) 85-95.
[60] Z.R. He, Y.J. Li, X.T. Ma, W. Zhang, C.Y. Chi, Z.Y. Wang, Influence of steam in carbonation stage on CO₂ capture by Ca-based industrial waste during calcium looping cycles, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 41(2016) 4296-4304.
[61] H. Yang, J.W. Cao, Z. Wang, H.H. Chen, X.Z. Gong, Discovery of impurities existing state in carbide slag by chemical dissociation, Int. J. Miner. Process. 130(2014) 66-73.
[62] J. Witek, R. Kusiorowski, Neutralization of cement-asbestos waste by melting in an arc-resistance furnace, Waste Manag. 69(2017) 336-345.
[63] S.j. Hao, Y.Z. Zhang, W.F. Jiang, J. Fang, Y.D. Bai, Temperature rising rate method for measurement of activity of high active lime, Metall. Anal. 28(2008) 19-22.
[64] G. Varhegyi, P. Szabo, E. Jakab, F. Till, Mathematical modeling of char reactivity in ArO₂ and CO₂-O₂ mixtures, Energy Fuel 10(1996) 1208-1214.
[65] H. Yoon, J. Wei, M.M. Denn, A model for moving-bed coal gasification reactors, AIChE J. 24(1978) 885-903.
[66] J. Yu, X. Zeng, G.Y. Zhang, J.W. Zhang, Y. Wang, G.W. Xu, Kinetics and mechanism of direct reaction between CO₂ and Ca(OH)2 in micro fluidized bed, Environ. Sci. Technol. 47(2013) 7514-7520.
[67] Y. Ren, N. Mahinpey, N. Freitag, Kinetic model for the combustion of coke derived at different coking temperatures, Energy Fuel 21(2007) 82-87.

Relationship between pore structure and hydration activity of CaO from carbide slag

Relationship between pore structure and hydration activity of CaO from carbide slag

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

References

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

[1]	Junyu Chen, Yu Yang, Yuzheng Pan, Yang You, Liwen Hu, Meilong Hu. Wear resistance performance of high entropy alloy–ceramic coating composites synthesized via a novel combined process [J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2023, 57(5): 202-213.
[2]	Meng Li, Jianliang Xu, Huixia Xiao, Xia Liu, Guangsuo Yu, Xueli Chen. Exploring influence of MgO/CaO on crystallization characteristics to understand fluidity of synthetic coal slags [J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2023, 53(1): 1-13.
[3]	Xiaobin Chen, Yuting Tang, Chuncheng Ke, Chaoyue Zhang, Sichun Ding, Xiaoqian Ma. CO₂ capture by double metal modified CaO-based sorbents from pyrolysis gases [J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2022, 43(3): 40-49.
[4]	Tongyang Zhang, Guanrun Chu, Junlin Lyu, Yongda Cao, Wentao Xu, Kui Ma, Lei Song, Hairong Yue, Bin Liang. CO₂ mineralization of carbide slag for the production of light calcium carbonates [J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2022, 43(3): 86-98.
[5]	Xiaoyi Chen, Danyang Song, Dong Zhang, Xiaogang Jin, Xiang Ling, Dongren Liu. Flow characteristics simulation of spiral coil reactor used in the thermochemical energy storage system [J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2022, 42(2): 364-379.
[6]	Pengnan Ma, Jiankang Wang, Hanxiao Meng, Laiquan Lv, Hao Fang, Kefa Cen, Hao Zhou. Influence of coke rate on thermal treatment of waste selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst during iron ore sintering [J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2022, 42(2): 415-423.
[7]	Tao Jiang, Fei Xiao, Yujun Zhao, Shengping Wang, Xinbin Ma. High-temperature CO₂ sorbents with citrate and stearate intercalated Ca—Al hydrotalcite-like as precursor [J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2022, 50(10): 177-184.
[8]	Cao Kuang, Shuzhong Wang, Ming Luo, Jun Zhao. Reactivity study and kinetic evaluation of CuO-based oxygen carriers modified by three different ores in chemical looping with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU) process [J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2021, 37(9): 54-63.
[9]	Chunxiao Zhang, Yingjie Li, Zhiguo Bian, Wan Zhang, Zeyan Wang. Simultaneous CO₂ capture and thermochemical heat storage by modified carbide slag in coupled calcium looping and CaO/Ca(OH)₂ cycles [J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2021, 36(8): 76-85.
[10]	Zhangke Ma, Yingjie Li, Boyu Li, Zeyan Wang, Tao Wang, Wentao Lei. Calcium looping heat storage performance and mechanical property of CaO-based pellets under fluidization [J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2021, 36(8): 170-180.
[11]	Ruolin Guan, Hairong Yuan, Liang Zhang, Xiaoyu Zuo, Xiujin Li. Combined pretreatment using CaO and liquid fraction of digestate of rice straw: Anaerobic digestion performance and electron transfer [J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2021, 36(8): 223-232.
[12]	Chunguang Song, Hongling Zhang, Yuming Dong, Lili Pei, Honghui Liu, Junsheng Jiang, Hongbin Xu. Investigation on the fabrication of lightweight aggregate with acid-leaching tailings of vanadium-bearing stone coal minerals and red mud [J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2021, 32(4): 353-359.
[13]	Zhaoru Fan, Shouyong Zhou, Ailian Xue, Meisheng Li, Yan Zhang, Yijiang Zhao, Weihong Xing. Preparation and properties of a low-cost porous ceramic support from low-grade palygorskite clay and silicon-carbide with vanadium pentoxide additives [J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2021, 29(1): 417-425.
[14]	Feng Wang, Min Yao, Haoyong Kan, Jianping Kuang, Ping Li, Jiashuo Zhang, Yixin Zhang. Effect of Al₂O₃/CaO on the melting and mineral transformation of Ningdong coal ash [J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2020, 28(12): 3110-3116.
[15]	Xiaotong Liu, Junfei Shi, Liu He, Xiaoxun Ma, Shisen Xu. Modification of CaO-based sorbents prepared from calcium acetate for CO₂ capture at high temperature [J]. , 2017, 25(5): 572-580.