1 Shah, Y.T., Kelkar, B.G., Godbole, S.P., Deckwer, W.D., “Design parameters estimations for bubble column reactors”, AIChE J., 28 (3), 353-379 (1982).
2 Kazakis, N.A., Mouza, A.A., Paras, S.V., “Experimental study of bubble formation at metal porous spargers: Effect of liquid properties and sparger characteristics on the initial bubble size distribution”, Chem. Eng. J., 137 (2), 265-281 (2008).
3 Kazakis, N.A., Papadopoulos, I.D., Mouza, A.A., “Bubble columns with fine pore sparger operating in the pseudo-homogeneous regime: Gas hold up prediction and a criterion for the transition to the heterogeneous regime”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 62 (12), 3092-3103 (2007).
4 Mitropetros, K., “Shock induced bubble explosions in liquid cyclohexane”, Ph.D. Thesis, Technical University of Berlin, Germany (2005).
5 Jin, H., Wang, M., Williams, R.A., “The effect of sparger geometry on gas bubble flow behaviors using electrical resistance tomography”, Chin. J. Chem. Eng., 14 (1), 127-131 (2006).
6 Zahradník, J., Fialová, M., Ruzicka, M., Drahos, J., Kastánek, F., Thomas, N.H., “Duality of the gas-liquid flow regimes in bubble column reactors”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 52 (21-22), 3811-3826 (1997).
7 Pfleger, D., Becker, S., “Modelling and simulation of the dynamic flow behaviour in a bubble column”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 56 (4), 1737-1747 (2001).
8 Deckwer, W.D., Schumpe, A., “Improved tools for bubble column reactor design and scale-up”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 48 (5), 889-911 (1993).
9 Camarasa, E., Vial, C., Poncin, S., Wild, G., Midoux, N., Bouillard, J., “Influence of coalescence behaviour of the liquid and of gas sparging on hydrodynamics and bubble characteristics in a bubble column”, Chem. Eng. Process., 38 (4-6), 329-344 (1999).
10 Wongsuchoto, P., Charinpanitkul, T., Pavasant, P., “Bubble size distribution and gas-liquid mass transfer in airlift contactors”, Chem. Eng. J., 92 (1-3), 81-90 (2003).
11 Hebrard, G., Bastoul, D., Roustan, M., “Influence of the gas sparger on the hydrodynamic behavior of bubble columns”, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 74 (3), 406-414 (1996).
12 Kazakis, N.A., Mouza, A.A., Paras, S.V., “Experimental study of bubble formation at porous spargers”, In: Proceedings of the 6th Internatianal Conference on Multiphase Flow, Leipzig, Germany (2007).
13 Kyriakides, N.K., Kastrinakis, E.G., Nychas, S.G., Goulas, A., “Bubbling from nozzles submerged in water: Transitions between bubbling regimes”, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 75 (4), 684-691 (1997).
14 Liang, B., Hu, Q., Zhou, H., Zhang, Q., Shen, W., “Comparison of bubble behavior between single orifice and porous spargers air-water bubble columns”, J. Chem. Ind. Eng. (China), 56 (10), 1880-1886 (2005).
15 Johnson, B.D., Gershey, R.M., Cooke, R.C., Sutcliffe, W.H., “A theoretical model for bubble formation at a frit surface in a shear field”, Sep. Sci. Technol., 17 (8), 1027-1039 (1982).
16 Johnson, B.D., Gershey, R.M., “Bubble formation at a cylindrical frit surface in a shear field”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 46 (10), 2753-2756 (1991).
17 Sada, E., Yasunishi, A., Katoh, S., Nishioka, M., “Bubble formation in flowing liquid”, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 56 (6), 669-672 (1978).
18 Takahashi, T., Miyahara, T., Senzai, S., Terakado, H., “Bubble formation at submerged nozzles in cocurrent, countercurrent and crosscurrent flow”, Kagaku Kogaku Ronbun, 6 (6), 563-569 (1980).
19 Itoh, R., Hirata, J., Inoue, K., Kitagawa, Y., “Formation of a liquid drop at a single nozzle in a uniform stream”, Int. Chem. Eng., 20 (4), 616-620 (1980).
20 Razzaque, M.M., Afacan, A., Liu, S., Nandakumar, K., Masliyah, J.H., Sanders, R.S., “Bubble size in coalescence dominant regime of turbulent air-water flow through horizontal pipes”, Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 29 (9), 1451-1471 (2003).
21 Forrester, S.E., Rielly, C.D., “Bubble formation from cylindrical, flat and concave sections exposed to a strong liquid cross-flow”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 53 (8), 1517-1527 (1998).
22 Loubière, K., Castaignède, V., Hébrard, G., Roustan, M., “Bubble formation at a flexible orifice with liquid cross-flow”, Chem. Eng. Process., 43 (6), 717-725 (2004).
23 Kulkarni, A., Joshi, J., “Bubble formation and bubble rise velocity in gas-liquid systems: A review”, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 44 (16), 5873-5931 (2005).
24 Wace, P.F., Morrell, M.S., Woodrow, T.L.J., “Bubble formation in a transverse horizontal liquid flow”, Chem. Eng. Commun., 62 (1), 93-106 (1987).
25 Marshall, S.H., Chudacek, M.W., Bagster, D.F., “A model for bubble formation from an orifice with liquid cross-flow”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 48 (11), 2049-2059 (1993).
26 Lucas, D., Krepper, E., Prasser, H.M., “Development of co-current air-water flow in a vertical pipe”, Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 31 (12), 1304-1328 (2005).
27 Liu, C., Liang, B., Tang, S., Zhang, H., Min, E., “A theoretical model for the size prediction of single bubbles formed under liquid cross-flow”, Chin. J. Chem. Eng., 18 (5), 770-776 (2010).
28 Kim, I., Kamotani, Y., Ostrach, S., “Modeling bubble and drop formation in flowing liquids in microgravity”, AIChE J., 40 (1), 19-28 (1994).
29 Nahra, H.K., Kamotani, Y., “Bubble formation from wall orifice in liquid cross-flow under low gravity”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 55 (20), 4653-4665 (2000).
30 Nahra, H.K., Kamotani, Y., “Prediction of bubble diameter at detachment from a wall orifice in liquid cross-flow under reduced and normal gravity conditions”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 58 (1), 55-69 (2003).
31 Kawase, Y., Ulbrecht, J.J., “Formation of drops and bubbles in flowing liquids”, Ind. Eng. Chem. Proc. Des. Dev., 20 (4), 636-640 (1981).
32 Buyevich, Y.A., Webbon, B.W., “Bubble formation at a submerged orifice in reduced gravity”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 51 (21), 4843-4857 (1996).
33 Pamperin, O., Rath, H.J., “Influence of buoyancy on bubble formation at submerged orifices”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 50 (19), 3009-3024 (1995).
34 Tan, R.B.H., Chen, W.B., Tan, K.H., “A non-spherical model for bubble formation with liquid cross-flow”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 55 (24), 6259-6267 (2000).
35 van Helden, W.G.J., van Der Geld, C.W.M., Boot, P.G.M., “Forces on bubbles growing and detaching in flow along a vertical wall”, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 38 (11), 2075-2088 (1995).
36 Marshall, S.H., “Air bubble formation from an orifice with liquid cross-flow”, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Sydney, Australia (1990).
37 Bhunia, A., Pais, S.C., Kamotani, Y., Kim, I.H., “Bubble formation in a coflow configuration in normal and reduced gravity”, AIChE J., 44 (7), 1499-1509 (1998).
38 Bai, H., Thomas, B.G., “Bubble formation during horizontal gas injection into downward-flowing liquid”, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 32 (6), 1143-1159 (2001).
39 Legendre, D., Magnaudet, J., “The lift force on a spherical bubble in a viscous linear shear flow”, J. Fluid Mech., 368, 81-126 (1998).
40 Ramakrishnan, S., Kumar, R., Kuloor, N.R., “Studies in bubble formation (Ⅰ) Bubble formation under constant flow conditions”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 24 (4), 731-747 (1969). |