Review on application of nanoparticles for EOR purposes: A critical review of the opportunities and challenges

doi:10.1016/j.cjche.2018.05.022

摘要/Abstract

摘要： Nanoparticles have already gained attentions for their countless potential applications in enhanced oil recovery. Nano-sized particles would help to recover trapped oil by several mechanisms including interfacial tension reduction, impulsive emulsion formation and wettability alteration of porous media. The presence of dispersed nanoparticles in injected fluids would enhance the recovery process through their movement towards oil- water interface. This would cause the interfacial tension to be reduced. In this research, the effects of different types of nanoparticles and different nanoparticle concentrations on EOR processes were investigated. Different flooding experiments were investigated to reveal enhancing oil recovery mechanisms. The results showed that nanoparticles have the ability to reduce the IFT as well as contact angle, making the solid surface to more water wet. As nanoparticle concentration increases more trapped oil was produced mainly due to wettability alteration to water wet and IFT reduction. However, pore blockage was also observed due to adsorption of nanoparticles, a phenomenon which caused the injection pressure to increase. Nonetheless, such higher injection pressure could displace some trapped oil in the small pore channels out of the model. The investigated results gave a clear indication that the EOR potential of nanoparticle fluid is significant.

关键词: Enhance oil recovery, Nanofluid injection, Nanoparticle, Interfacial tension, Wettability alteration, Pore blockage

Abstract: Nanoparticles have already gained attentions for their countless potential applications in enhanced oil recovery. Nano-sized particles would help to recover trapped oil by several mechanisms including interfacial tension reduction, impulsive emulsion formation and wettability alteration of porous media. The presence of dispersed nanoparticles in injected fluids would enhance the recovery process through their movement towards oil- water interface. This would cause the interfacial tension to be reduced. In this research, the effects of different types of nanoparticles and different nanoparticle concentrations on EOR processes were investigated. Different flooding experiments were investigated to reveal enhancing oil recovery mechanisms. The results showed that nanoparticles have the ability to reduce the IFT as well as contact angle, making the solid surface to more water wet. As nanoparticle concentration increases more trapped oil was produced mainly due to wettability alteration to water wet and IFT reduction. However, pore blockage was also observed due to adsorption of nanoparticles, a phenomenon which caused the injection pressure to increase. Nonetheless, such higher injection pressure could displace some trapped oil in the small pore channels out of the model. The investigated results gave a clear indication that the EOR potential of nanoparticle fluid is significant.

Key words: Enhance oil recovery, Nanofluid injection, Nanoparticle, Interfacial tension, Wettability alteration, Pore blockage

Yousef Kazemzadeh, Sanaz Shojaei, Masoud Riazi, Mohammad Sharifi. Review on application of nanoparticles for EOR purposes: A critical review of the opportunities and challenges[J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2019, 27(2): 237-246.

参考文献

[1] Y. Kazemzadeh, S.E. Eshraghi, K. Kazemi, S. Sourani, M. Mehrabi, Y. Ahmadi, Behavior of asphaltene adsorption onto the metal oxide nanoparticle surface and its effect on heavy oil recovery, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 54(1) (2015) 233-239.

[2] H. Doryani, Y. Kazemzadeh, R. Parsaei, M.R. Malayeri, M. Riazi, Impact of asphaltene and normal paraffins on methane-synthetic oil interfacial tension:An experimental study, J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 26(2015) 538-548.

[3] H. Doryani, M.R. Malayeri, M. Riazi, Visualization of asphaltene precipitation and deposition in a uniformly patterned glass micromodel, Fuel 182(2016) 613-622.

[4] A.M.S. Ragab, M. El-Mahdy, Unlocking reservoir potential using robust hybrid nanoparticles designed for future enhanced oil recovery, Mediterranean Offshore Conference & Exhibition (MOC 2016). Egypt April, 2016, pp. 19-21.

[5] Y. Kazemzadeh, S.E. Eshraghi, S. Sourani, M. Reyhani, An interface-analyzing technique to evaluate the heavy oil swelling in presence of nickel oxide nanoparticles, J. Mol. Liq. 211(2015) 553-559.

[6] S. Emadi, S.R. Shadizadeh, A.K. Manshad, A.M. Rahimi, A.H. Mohammadi, Effect of nano silica particles on Interfacial Tension (IFT) and mobility control of natural surfactant (Cedr Extraction) solution in enhanced oil recovery process by nano-surfactant flooding, J. Mol. Liq. 248(2017) 163-167.

[7] C.M. Sukesh, B. Deka, Nano particle based polymer flooding for enhanced oil recovery:A review, International Conference on Nano for Energy and Water, Springer, Cham February 2017, pp. 73-79.

[8] O.M. Isdahl, Influence of Silica Based Nanofluid on the Physical Properties, IFT, and CO₂ Diffusion in a Carbonated Water-n-decane System:An Experimental and Numerical Study, Master's thesis, University of Stavanger, Norway, 2017.

[9] H. Rezvani, M. Riazi, M. Tabaei, Y. Kazemzadeh, M. Sharifi, Experimental investigation of interfacial properties in the EOR mechanisms by the novel synthesized Fe₃O₄@Chitosan nanocomposites, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 544(2018) 15-27.

[10] M.N. Agista, A Literature Review and Transport Modelling of Nanoparticles for Enhanced Oil Recovery, Master's thesis, University of Stavanger, Norway, 2017.

[11] H. Ehtesabi, M.M. Ahadian, V. Taghikhani, M.H. Ghazanfari, Enhanced heavy oil recovery in sandstone cores using TiO₂ nanofluids, Energy Fuel 28(1) (2013) 423-430.

[12] Q. Li, B. Wei, L. Lu, Y. Li, Y. Wen, W. Pu, C. Wang, Investigation of physical properties and displacement mechanisms of surface-grafted nano-cellulose fluids for enhanced oil recovery, Fuel 207(2017) 352-364.

[13] S. Gomaa, A. Salem, M. Hassan, Relative Permeability Curves and Wettability Alterations by Alumina Nano Particles Flooding. JAUES 42(12) (2017) 103-119.

[14] R. Parsaei, Y. Kazemzadeh, A.K. Abadshapoori, M. Riazi, Study of asphaltene precipitation during CO₂ injection to oil reservoirs in the presence of iron oxide nanoparticles by interfacial tension and bond number measurements, 79th EAGE Conference and Exhibition 2017, June 2017.

[15] A.R. Kanna, S.N. Gummadi, G.S. Kumar, Evaluation of bio-surfactant on microbial EOR using sand packed column, Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Springer, Singapore 2016, pp. 121-128.

[16] R.S. Alvim, O.A. Babilonia, Y.M. Celaschi, C.R. Miranda, Nanoscience applied to oil recovery and mitigation:A multiscale computational approach, MRS Advances 2(9) (2017) 477-482.

[17] B. Ju, T. Fan, M. Ma, Enhanced oil recovery by flooding with hydrophilic nanoparticles, China Particuology 4(1) (2006) 41-46.

[18] M.S. Hosseini, M.T. Sadeghi, M. Khazaei, Wettability alteration from superhydrophobic to superhydrophilic via synthesized stable nano-coating, Surf. Coat. Technol. 326(2017) 79-86.

[19] Y. Kazemzadeh, R. Parsaei, M. Riazi, Experimental study of asphaltene precipitation prediction during gas injection to oil reservoirs by interfacial tension measurement, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 466(2015) 138-146.

[20] J.M Smith, H.C. van Ness, M.M Abbott, Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, 5th edition, McGraw Hill International Book Company, New York, 1996.

[21] M. Almahfood, B. Bai, The synergistic effects of nanoparticle-surfactant nanofluids in EOR applications, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 171(2018) 196-210.

[22] S. Hassanpour, M.R. Malayeri, M. Riazi, Utilization of Co₃O₄ nanoparticles for reducing precipitation of asphaltene during CO₂ injection, J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 31(2016) 39-47.

[23] M. Safari, A. Golsefatan, A. Rezaei, M. Jamialahmadi, Simulation of silica nanoparticle flooding for enhancing oil recovery, Pet. Sci. Technol. 33(2) (2015) 152-158.

[24] R. Nazari Moghaddam, A. Bahramian, Z. Fakhroueian, A. Karimi, S. Arya, Comparative study of using nanoparticles for enhanced oil recovery:Wettability alteration of carbonate rocks, Energy Fuel 29(4) (2015) 2111-2119.

[25] B. Moradi, P. Pourafshary, F.J. Farahani, M. Mohammadi, M.A. Emadi, Application of SiO₂ nano particles to improve the performance of water alternating gas EOR process, SPE Oil & Gas India Conference and Exhibition, Society of Petroleum Engineers, November 2015.

[26] Q. Sun, Z. Li, S. Li, L. Jiang, J. Wang, P. Wang, Utilization of surfactant-stabilized foam for enhanced oil recovery by adding nanoparticles, Energy Fuel 28(4) (2014) 2384-2394.

[27] C. Negin, S. Ali, Q. Xie, Application of nanotechnology for enhancing oil recovery-A review, Petroleum 2(4) (2016) 324-333.

[28] L. Hendraningrat, O. Torsaeter, Unlocking the potential of metal oxides nanoparticles to enhance the oil recovery, Offshore Technology Conference-Asia. Offshore Technology Conference, March 2014.

[29] C. Zheng, Y. Cheng, Q. Wei, X. Li, Z. Zhang, Suspension of surface-modified nanoSiO₂ in partially hydrolyzed aqueous solution of polyacrylamide for enhanced oil recovery, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 524(2017) 169-177.

[30] R.R. Manesh, M. Kohnehpoushi, M. Eskandari, Z. Fakhroueian, B.A. Nejand, Synthesis and evaluation of nano γ-Al₂O₃ with spherical, rod-shaped, and plate-like morphologies on enhanced heavy oil recovery, Mater. Res. Express 4(9) (2017), 095025.

[31] O. Torsater, S. Li, L. Hendraningrat, Effect of some parameters influencing enhanced oil recovery process using silica nanoparticles:An experimental investigation, SPE Reservoir Characterization and Simulation Conference and Exhibition, Society of Petroleum Engineers, September 2013.

[32] S. Li, O. Torsaeter, Experimental investigation of the influence of nanoparticles adsorption and transport on wettability alteration for oil wet Berea sandstone, SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference, Society of Petroleum Engineers, March 2015.

[33] S.A. Amirsadat, B. Moradi, A.Z. Hezave, S. Najimi, M.H. Farsangi, Investigating the effect of nano-silica on efficiency of the foam in enhanced oil recovery, Korean J. Chem. Eng. (2017) 1-6.

[34] I.K. Mo, An Experimental Study of the Use of Silica and CNC Nanofluids for EOR by Spontaneous Imbibition, Master's Thesis, NTNU, 2017.

[35] A. Bera, H. Belhaj, Application of nanotechnology by means of nanoparticles and nanodispersions in oil recovery-A comprehensive review, J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 34(2016) 1284-1309.

[36] R. Hashemi, N.N. Nassar, P.P. Almao, Nanoparticle technology for heavy oil in-situ upgrading and recovery enhancement:Opportunities and challenges, Appl. Energy 133(2014) 374-387.

[37] T. Zhang, M.J. Murphy, H. Yu, H.G. Bagaria, K.Y. Yoon, B.M. Nielson,... S.L. Bryant, Investigation of nanoparticle adsorption during transport in porous media, SPE J. 20(04) (2014) 667-677.

[38] H. Zhang, T.S. Ramakrishnan, A. Nikolov, D. Wasan, Enhanced oil recovery driven by nanofilm structural disjoining pressure:Flooding experiments and microvisualization, Energy Fuel 30(4) (2016) 2771-2779.

[39] Z. Hu, S.M. Azmi, G. Raza, P.W. Glover, D. Wen, Nanoparticle-assisted waterflooding in Berea sandstones, Energy Fuel 30(4) (2016) 2791-2804.

[40] S.J. Kim, I.C. Bang, J. Buongiorno, L.W. Hu, Effects of nanoparticle deposition on surface wettability influencing boiling heat transfer in nanofluids, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(15) (2006), 153107.

[41] R.G. Chaudhuri, S. Paria, The wettability of PTFE and glass surfaces by nanofluids, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 434(2014) 141-151.

[42] A.E. Bayat, R. Junin, S. Shamshirband, W.T. Chong, Transport and retention of engineered Al₂O₃, TiO₂, and SiO₂ nanoparticles through various sedimentary rocks, Sci. Rep. 5(2015).

[43] Z. Xue, E. Foster, Y. Wang, S. Nayak, V. Cheng, V.W. Ngo,... K.P. Johnston, Effect of grafted copolymer composition on iron oxide nanoparticle stability and transport in porous media at high salinity, Energy Fuel 28(6) (2014) 3655-3665.

[44] F. Babayekhorasani, D.E. Dunstan, R. Krishnamoorti, J.C. Conrad, Nanoparticle dispersion in disordered porous media with and without polymer additives, Soft Matter 12(26) (2016) 5676-5683.

[45] A.M.S. Ragab, A.E. Hannora, An experimental investigation of silica nano particles for enhanced oil recovery applications, SPE North Africa Technical Conference and Exhibition, Society of Petroleum Engineers, September 2015.

[46] G. Cheraghian, L. Hendraningrat, A review on applications of nanotechnology in the enhanced oil recovery part B:Effects of nanoparticles on flooding, Int. Nano Lett. 6(1) (2016) 1-10.

[47] A. Khezrnejad, L.A. James, T.E. Johansen, Nanofluid enhanced oil recovery-Mobility ratio, surface chemistry, or both? International Symposium of the Society of Core Analysts, St. John's Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada August 2015, pp. 16-21.

[48] H. Soleimani, N. Yahya, M.K. Baig, L. Khodapanah, M. Sabet, A.H. Bhat,... M. Awang, Catalytic effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on oil-water interfacial tension, Dig. J. Nanomater. Biostruct. 11(1) (2016) 263-269.

[49] H.M. Zaid, N.S.A. Radzi, N.R.A. Latiff, A. Shafie, in:S.C. Dass, B.H. Guan, A.H. Bhat, I. Faye, H. Soleimani, N. Yahya (Eds.), Effect of Morphology of Aluminium Oxide Nanoparticles on Viscosity and Interfacial Tension (IFT) and the Recovery Efficiency in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 1621, No. 1, AIP October 2014, pp. 705-710.

[50] A. Ghamartale, R. Saboori, S. Sabbaghi, The effect of micro/nanoparticles on pressure drop in Oil pipeline:Simulation, Int. J. Nano Dimens. 7(3) (2016) 225.

[51] M.S Alnarabiji, N. Yahya, S. Nadeem, et al., Nanofluid enhanced oil recovery using induced ZnO nanocrystals by electromagnetic energy:Viscosity increment, Fuel. 233(2018) 632-643.

[52] X. Zhu, Q. Zhang, Y. Wang, F. Wei, Review on the nanoparticle fluidization science and technology, Chin. J. Chem. Eng. 24(1) (2016) 9-22.

[53] I.S. Grover, S. Singh, B. Pal, The preparation, surface structure, zeta potential, surface charge density and photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ nanostructures of different shapes, Appl. Surf. Sci. 280(2013) 366-372.

[54] H. ShamsiJazeyi, C.A. Miller, M.S. Wong, J.M. Tour, R. Verduzco, Polymer-coated nanoparticles for enhanced oil recovery, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 131(15) (2014).

[55] J. Liu, F. Wang, L. Zhang, X. Fang, Z. Zhang, Thermodynamic properties and thermal stability of ionic liquid-based nanofluids containing graphene as advanced heat transfer fluids for medium-to-high-temperature applications, Renew. Energy 63(2014) 519-523.

[56] A. Patel, C. Goh, B. Towler, V. Rudolph, T.E. Rufford, Screening of nanoparticles to control clay swelling in coal bed methane wells, International Petroleum Technology Conference. International Petroleum Technology Conference, November 2016.

[57] V.K. Sharma, K.M. Siskova, R. Zboril, J.L. Gardea-Torresdey, Organic-coated silver nanoparticles in biological and environmental conditions:Fate, stability and toxicity, Adv. Colloid Interf. Sci. 204(2014) 15-34.

[58] T. Skauge, K. Spildo, A. Skauge, Nano-sized particles for EOR, SPE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium, Society of Petroleum Engineers, January 2010.

[59] A.I. El-Diasty, A.M. Aly, Understanding the mechanism of nanoparticles applications in enhanced oil recovery, SPE North Africa Technical Conference and Exhibition, Society of Petroleum Engineers, September 2015.

[60] A. Chengara, A.D. Nikolov, D.T. Wasan, A. Trokhymchuk, D. Henderson, Spreading of nanofluids driven by the structural disjoining pressure gradient, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 280(1) (2004) 192-201.

[61] D. Wang, H. Duan, H. Mohwald, The water/oil interface:The emerging horizon for self-assembly of nanoparticles, Soft Matter 1(6) (2005) 412-416.

[62] A. Maghzi, A. Mohebbi, R. Kharrat, M.H. Ghazanfari, Pore-scale monitoring of wettability alteration by silica nanoparticles during polymer flooding to heavy oil in a five-spot glass micromodel, Transp. Porous Media 87(3) (2011) 653-664.

[63] S. Al-Anssari, A. Barifcani, S. Wang, S. Iglauer, Wettability alteration of oil-wet carbonate by silica nanofluid, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 461(2016) 435-442.

[64] T. Zhang, M. Roberts, S.L. Bryant, C. Huh, Foams and emulsions stabilized with nanoparticles for potential conformance control applications, SPE International Symposium on Oilfield Chemistry, Society of Petroleum Engineers, January 2009.

[65] B. Ju, T. Fan, Experimental study and mathematical model of nanoparticle transport in porous media, Powder Technol. 192(2) (2009) 195-202.

[66] M.O. Onyekonwu, N.A. Ogolo, Investigating the use of nanoparticles in enhancing oil recovery, Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition, Society of Petroleum Engineers, January 2010.

[67] B. Karimi, M. Gholinejad, M. Khorasani, Highly efficient three-component coupling reaction catalyzed by gold nanoparticles supported on periodic mesoporous organosilica with ionic liquid framework, Chem. Commun. 48(71) (2012) 8961-8963.

[68] J. Giraldo, P. Benjumea, S. Lopera, F.B. Cortes, M.A. Ruiz, Wettability alteration of sandstone cores by alumina-based nanofluids, Energy Fuel 27(7) (2013) 3659-3665.

[69] N. Cao, M.A. Mohammed, T. Babadagli, Wettability alteration of heavy-oil-bitumen-containing carbonates by use of solvents, high-pH solutions, and nano/ionic liquids, SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. 20(02) (2017) 363-371.

[70] B.A. Suleimanov, F.S. Ismailov, E.F. Veliyev, Nanofluid for enhanced oil recovery, J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 78(2) (2011) 431-437.

[71] A. Roustaei, J. Moghadasi, H. Bagherzadeh, A. Shahrabadi, An experimental investigation of polysilicon nanoparticles' recovery efficiencies through changes in interfacial tension and wettability alteration, SPE International Oilfield Nanotechnology Conference and Exhibition, Society of Petroleum Engineers, January 2012.

[72] L. Hendraningrat, S. Li, O. Torsaeter, Enhancing oil recovery of low-permeability Berea sandstone through optimised nanofluids concentration, SPE Enhanced Oil Recovery Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2013.

[73] T. Fereidooni Moghadam, S. Azizian, Effect of ZnO nanoparticle and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide on the dynamic and equilibrium oil-water interfacial tension, J. Phys. Chem. B 118(6) (2014) 1527-1534.

[74] A. Asumadu-Mensah, K.W. Smith, H.S. Ribeiro, Solid lipid dispersions:Potential delivery system for functional ingredients in foods, J. Food Sci. 78(7) (2013) E1000-E1008.

[75] F.M. Al Otaibi, S.L. Kokal, Y. Chang, J.F. AlQahtani, A.M. AlAbdulwahab, Gelled emulsion of CO-water-nanoparticles, SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Society of Petroleum Engineers, September 2013.

[76] B.P. Binks, C.P. Whitby, Nanoparticle silica-stabilised oil-in-water emulsions:Improving emulsion stability, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 253(1) (2005) 105-115.

[77] H.H. Pei, G.C. Zhang, J.J. Ge, J. Zhang, Q. Zhang, L.P. Fu, Investigation of nanoparticle and surfactant stabilized emulsion to enhance oil recovery in waterflooded heavy oil reservoirs, SPE Canada Heavy Oil Technical Conference, Society of Petroleum Engineers, June 2015.

[78] D. Kim, R. Krishnamoorti, Interfacial activity of poly[oligo(ethylene oxide)-monomethyl ether methacrylate]-grafted silica nanoparticles, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 54(14) (2015) 3648-3656.

[79] N. Griffith, Y. Ahmad, H. Daigle, C. Huh, Nanoparticle-stabilized natural gas liquidin-water emulsions for residual oil recovery, SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference, Society of Petroleum Engineers, April 2016.

[80] D.A. Espinoza, F.M. Caldelas, K.P. Johnston, S.L. Bryant, C. Huh, Nanoparticle-stabilized supercritical CO₂ foams for potential mobility control applications, SPE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium, Society of Petroleum Engineers, January 2010.

[81] B. Aminzadeh-goharrizi, C. Huh, S.L. Bryant, D.A. DiCarlo, M. Roberts, Effect of nanoparticles on flow alteration during CO₂ injection, SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Society of Petroleum Engineers, January 2012.

[82] D. Mo, J. Yu, N. Liu, R.L. Lee, Study of the effect of different factors on nanoparticlestabilized CO₂ foam for mobility control, SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Society of Petroleum Engineers, January 2012.

[83] J. Yu, C. An, D. Mo, N. Liu, R.L. Lee, Study of adsorption and transportation behavior of nanoparticles in three different porous media, SPE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium, Society of Petroleum Engineers, January 2012.

[84] T. Zhang, D. Espinosa, K.Y. Yoon, A.R. Rahmani, H. Yu, F.M. Caldelas, T.E. Milner, Engineered nanoparticles as harsh-condition emulsion and foam stabilizers and as novel sensors, Offshore Technology Conference, Offshore Technology Conference, January 2011.

[85] Y. Chen, Y. Wang, J. Lu, C. Wu, The viscosity reduction of nano-keggin-K₃PMo₁₂O₄₀ in catalytic aquathermolysis of heavy oil, Fuel 88(8) (2009) 1426-1434.

[86] N.N. Nassar, A. Hassan, P. Pereira-Almao, Metal oxide nanoparticles for asphaltene adsorption and oxidation, Energy Fuel 25(3) (2011) 1017-1023.

[87] N. Ogolo, O. Olafuyi, M. Onyekonwu, Enhanced oil recovery using nanoparticles, SPE Saudi Arabia Section Technical Symposium and Exhibition, Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2012.

[88] M.R. Haroun, S. Alhassan, A.A. Ansari, N.A.M. Al Kindy, N. Abou Sayed, A. Kareem,... H.K. Sarma, Smart nano-EOR process for Abu Dhabi carbonate reservoirs, Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Conference and Exhibition, Society of Petroleum Engineers, January 2012.

[89] B. Aminzadeh Goharrizi, Experimental Measurement of Sweep Efficiency During Multi-phase Displacement in the Presence of Nanoparticles, PhD Thesis, University of Texas at Austin, 2013.

[90] Y. Assef, P. Pourafshary, H. Hejazi, Controlling interactions of colloidal particles and porous media during low salinity water flooding and alkaline flooding By MgO nanoparticles, SPE EOR Conference at Oil and Gas West Asia, Society of Petroleum Engineers, March 2016.

[91] H.G. Bagaria, Z. Xue, B.M. Neilson, A.J. Worthen, K.Y. Yoon, S. Nayak, K.P. Johnston, Iron oxide nanoparticles grafted with sulfonated copolymers are stable in concentrated brine at elevated temperatures and weakly adsorb on silica, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5(8) (2013) 3329-3339.

[92] J.T. Cieslinski, K. Krygier, Augmentation of the Critical Heat Flux in Water-Al₂O₃, Water-TiO₂ and Water-Cu Nanofluids, MATEC Web of Conferences Vol. 18(2014), EDP Sciences. 01012.

[93] H. Ehtesabi, M.M. Ahadian, V. Taghikhani, Enhanced heavy oil recovery using TiO₂ nanoparticles:Investigation of deposition during transport in core plug, Energy Fuel 29(1) (2014) 1-8.

[94] J. Greff, T. Babadagli, Catalytic effects of nano-size metal ions in breaking asphaltene molecules during thermal recovery of heavy-oil, SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Society of Petroleum Engineers, January 2011.

[95] Y. Hamedi-Shokrlu, T. Babadagli, Stabilization of nanometal catalysts and their interaction with oleic phase in porous media during enhanced oil recovery, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 53(20) (2014) 8464-8475.

[96] T.T. Huang, D.E. Clark, Enhancing oil recovery with specialized nanoparticles by controlling formation-fines migration at their sources in waterflooding reservoirs, SPE J. 20(04) (2015) 743-746.

[97] Y. Kazemzadeh, M.R. Malayeri, M. Riazi, R. Parsaei, Impact of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles on asphaltene precipitation during CO₂ injection, J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 22(2015) 227-234.

[98] A.L. Kjoniksen, N. Beheshti, H.K. Kotlar, K. Zhu, B. Nystrom, Modified polysaccharides for use in enhanced oil recovery applications, Eur. Polym. J. 44(4) (2008) 959-967.

[99] S. Li, A.T. Kaasa, L. Hendraningrat, O. Torsaeter, Effect of silica nanoparticles adsorption on the wettability index of Berea sandstone, Paper SCA2013-059 Presented at the International Symposium of the Society of Core Analysts Held in Napa Valley, California, USA September 2013, pp. 16-19.

[100] H.A. Mintsa, G. Roy, C.T. Nguyen, D. Doucet, New temperature dependent thermal conductivity data for water-based nanofluids, Int. J. Therm. Sci. 48(2) (2009) 363-371.

[101] Y.H. Shokrlu, T. Babadagli, Viscosity reduction of heavy oil/bitumen using microand nano-metal particles during aqueous and non-aqueous thermal applications, J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 119(2014) 210-220.

[102] R. Singh, K.K. Mohanty, Synergy between nanoparticles and surfactants in stabilizing foams for oil recovery, Energy Fuel 29(2) (2015) 467-479.

[103] S. Vafaei, T. Borca-Tasciuc, M.Z. Podowski, A. Purkayastha, G. Ramanath, P.M. Ajayan, Effect of nanoparticles on sessile droplet contact angle, Nanotechnology 17(10) (2006) 2523.

[104] H. Zhang, A. Nikolov, D. Wasan, Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) using nanoparticle dispersions:Underlying mechanism and imbibition experiments, Energy Fuel 28(5) (2014) 3002-3009.

[105] T. Zhang, D. Davidson, S.L. Bryant, C. Huh, Nanoparticle-stabilized emulsions for applications in enhanced oil recovery, SPE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium, Society of Petroleum Engineers, January 2010.

[106] M.A. Ahmadi, S.R. Shadizadeh, Adsorption of novel nonionic surfactant and particles mixture in carbonates:Enhanced oil recovery implication, Energy Fuel 26(8) (2012) 4655-4663.

[107] S.I. Hashemi, B. Fazelabdolabadi, S. Moradi, A.M. Rashidi, A. Shahrabadi, H.Bagherzadeh, On the application of NiO nanoparticles to mitigate in situ asphaltene deposition in carbonate porous matrix, Appl. Nanosci. 6(1) (2016)71-81.

[108] S. Ayatollahi, M.M. Zerafat, Nanotechnology-assisted EOR techniques:New solutions to old challenges, SPE International Oilfield Nanotechnology Conference and Exhibition, Society of Petroleum Engineers, January 2012.

[109] A. Karimi, Z. Fakhroueian, A. Bahramian, N. Pour Khiabani, J.B. Darabad, R. Azin, S.Arya, Wettability alteration in carbonates using zirconium oxide nanofluids:EOR implications, Energy Fuel 26(2) (2012) 1028-1036.

[110] M.Y. Kanj, J.J. Funk, Z. Al-Yousif, Nanofluid coreflood experiments in the ARAB-D,SPE Saudi Arabia Section Technical Symposium, Society of Petroleum Engineers,January 2009.

[111] C.O. Metin, J.R. Baran, Q.P. Nguyen, Adsorption of surface functionalized silica nanoparticles onto mineral surfaces and decane/water interface, J. Nanopart. Res.14(11) (2012) 1246.

[112] A. Shahrabadi, H. Bagherzadeh, A. Roostaie, H. Golghanddashti, Experimental investigation of HLP nanofluid potential to enhance oil recovery:A mechanistic approach, SPE International Oilfield Nanotechnology Conference and Exhibition,Society of Petroleum Engineers, January 2012.

[113] T. Sharma, N. Velmurugan, P. Patel, B.H. Chon, J.S. Sangwai, Use of oil-in-water pickering emulsion stabilized by nanoparticles in combination with polymer flood for enhanced oil recovery, Pet. Sci. Technol. 33(17-18) (2015) 1595-1604.

[114] G. Cheraghian, An experimental study of surfactant polymer for enhanced heavy oil recovery using a glass micromodel by adding nanoclay, Pet. Sci. Technol. 33(13-14) (2015) 1410-1417.