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SCI和EI收录∣中国化工学会会刊
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English
本期目录
2005年 第13卷 第1期 刊出日期:2005-02-28
上一期
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TRANSPORT PHENOMENA & FLUID MECHANICS
基于二阶矩封闭湍流模型的非预混湍流火焰的数值模拟
李国岫
. 2005, 13(1): 1-8. doi:
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Turbulent nonpremixed CH4/H2 flame has been simulated using several typical differential secondmoment turbulence closure (SMTC) models. To clarify the applicability of the various models, the LRR-IP model,JM model, SSG model as well as two modified LRR-IP models were tested. Some of above-mentioned SMTC models cannot provide the overall satisfactory predictions of this challenging case. It is confirmed again that the standard LRR-IP model considerably overpredict the centerline velocity decay rate, and therefore performs not well. Also it is interesting to observe that the JM model does not perform well in this challenging test case, although it has already been proved successful in other cases. The SSG model produces quite satisfactory prediction and performs equally well or better than the two modified LRR-IP models in the reacting case. It can be concluded that the modified LRR-IP models as well as the SSG model are superior to the other SMTC models in the turbulent nonpremixed CH4/H2 flame.
天然气超声波旋流脱水装置的工作性能
刘恒伟,刘中良,冯永训,顾克宇,颜廷敏
. 2005, 13(1): 9-12. doi:
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A new type of dehydration unit for natural gas was briefly described and its basic structure and working principles were presented. An indoor test rig for testing the unit performance was set up and the experimental results were given. The results showed that the unit could attain a maximum dew point depression of about 20~C without any need of external mechanical power and chemicals. The pressure loss ratio, shock wave and the flow rate had great influence on the dehydration characteristics. From the systematic analysis of the factors that affect the dehydration efficiency of the unit, the suggestions for improving the unit are put forward.
声空强化渗透脱水过程质扩散研究
孙宝芝,淮秀兰,姜任秋,刘登瀛
. 2005, 13(1): 13-17. doi:
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An experimental study on intensifying osmotic dehydration was carried out in a state of nature and with acoustic cavitation of different cavitating intensity (0.5A, 0.TA and 0.9A) respectively, in which the material is apple slice of 5 mm thickness. The result showed that acoustic cavitation remarkably enhanced the osmotic dehydration, and the water loss was accelerated with the increase of cavitating intensity. The water diffusivity coefficients ranged from 1.8 × 10^-10 m^2.s^-1 at 0.5A to 2.6 × 10^-10 m^2.s^-1 at 0.9A, and solute diffusivity coefficients ranged from 3.5×10^-11 m^2.s^-1 at 0.5A to 4.6×10^-11 m^2.s^-1 at 0.9A. On the basis of experiments, a mathematical model was established about mass transfer during osmotic dehydration, and the numerical simulation was carried out. The calculated results agree well with experimental data, and represent the rule of mass transfer during osmotic dehydration intensified by acoustic cavitation.
SEPARATION SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
空间质量作用模型预测小分子离子交换平衡
陈卫东,王艳东,苏志国
. 2005, 13(1): 18-23. doi:
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The steric mass-action (SMA) model has been widely reported in the literature for ion-exchange and metal-affinity interaction adsorption equilibrium of biomacromolecules. In this paper, the usefulness of SMA model is analyzed for describing micromolecule ion-exchange equilibrium onto cation exchangers, CM Sephadex C-25 and Streamline SP. Batch adsorption experiments with ephedrine hydrochloride as a model adsorbate are carried out to determine the model parameters, that is, steric factor, characteristic charge and equilibrium constant. The result shows that the SMA model parameters of micromolecule cannot be obtained using the nonlinear least-square fitting method as protein’s due to the remarkable difference between the molecular mass and dimension of micromolecule and protein. It is considered that the small size of the adsorbates dealt with in this study justifies the neglect of steric hindrances arising from adsorbate bulkiness. Thus, the three-parameter SMA model is reduced to two-parameter one (i.e., steric factor is equal to zero) for describing micromolecule ion-exchange equilibrium. It is found that the equilibrium constant for CM Sephadex C-25 increases with increasing ionic strength, while the equilibrium constant for Streamline SP shows an opposite trend. This is probably due to the remarkable difference between the physicalpro perties of the two adsorbents. Then, the relationship between the equilibrium constant and ionic strength is described by an expression. The computer simulations show that, the theoretical model with the correlation is promising in the prediction of micromolecule adsorption decrease with increasing ionic strength in a wide range of salt concentration.
反应与催化精馏耦合提纯乳酸新工艺的研究
马利,张阳,杨基础
. 2005, 13(1): 24-31. doi:
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The purification of lactic acid based on the esterification of raw lactic acid from fermentation broth and then the catalytic distillation hydrolysis of methyl lactate simultaneously to achieve pure lactic acid is reported. The esterification kinetics of lactic acid with methanol catalyzed by strong-acid cation-exchange resins (Amberlyst-15,D001, D002, NKC, 002) was studied under the condition that simulates the real catalytic environment. Experimental results were correlated by a Langmuir-Hinselwood model and the nonideality of the solution was taken into account by using activities calculated by the universal quasichemical functional group activity coefficient (UNIFAC) method.A good agreement between the model and the experimental data was achieved. Continuous purification experiments were conducted to find the optimum column configuration and operation condition for the system. The effects of various parameters, e.g. the length of different section of the column, feed rate and ratio of reactants, packing material and catalyst type, were studied.This novel system shows good separation results in lab scale, and is potential for industrial application.
REACTION KINETICS, CATALYSIS AND……
钛硅分子筛催化环已酮氨肟化反应动力学
李永祥吴巍闵恩泽
. 2005, 13(1): 32-36. doi:
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An intrinsic kinetics of cyclohexanone ammoximation in the liquid phase over titanium silicate molecular sieves is investigated in an isothermal slurry reactor at different initial reactant concentrations, catalyst loading,and reaction temperature. The rate equations are developed by analyzing data of kinetic measurements. More than 10 side reactions were found. H202 decomposition reaction Inust be considered and other side reactions can be neglected in the kinetic modeling. The predicted values of reaction rates based on the kinetic models are almost consistent with experimental ones. The models have guidance to the selection of reactor types and they are useful to the design and operation of reactor used.
硅烷处理N
2
O氧化苯生产苯酚催化剂抑制结碳失活研究
翟丕沐,王立秋,刘长厚,张守臣
. 2005, 13(1): 37-42. doi:
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The main cause to the deactivation of ZSM-5 catalyst, used for oxidation of benzene to phenol (BTOP) by nitrous oxide, is that the carbon deposition on the catalyst surface blocks the mouth of pores of the catalyst.In the experiments, ZSM-5 catalyst was modified by chemical surface deposition of silicon, and then the effect of modification condition on the catalyst activation was studied. The catalyst samples were characterized by XRF,EPS, XRD, TEM, N2 adsorption at low temperature, pyridine adsorption-infrared technique and etc. All the above results show that the uniform SiO2 membrane can be formed on ZSM-5 crystal surface. The SiO2 membrane covers the acid centers on ZSM-5 surface to inhibit surface coking, to avoid or decrease the possibility of ZSM-5 pore blockage so that the catalyst activity and stability can be improved efficiently. The optimum siliconiting conditions determined by the experiments are as follows: 4% load of silanizing agent, volume (ml)/mass (g) ratio of hexane/ZSM-5=15/1, and 16 h of modification time. Compared with the samples without siliconiting treatment,the samples treated under the above optimum condition can increase the productivity of phenol by 14% for 3h reaction time and by 41% for 6 h reaction time respectively.
采用CO
2
吸附剂吸附强化的甲烷水蒸汽反应制药厂氢过程特点
吴素芳,T.H.Beum,J.I.Yang,J.N.Kim
. 2005, 13(1): 43-47. doi:
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The objective of the present study is to characterize the production of hydrogen with a sorptionenhanced steam-methane reaction process using Ca(OH)2 as the CO2 adsorbent. Theoretical equilibrium compositions at different operation conditions were calculated using an iterative method. It was found that with Ca(OH)2 as the CO2 sorbent, the concentration of CO2 adsorption was reduced in the product stream, that gave rise to higher methane conversion and higher H2 concentration. An experimental setup was built to test the theoretical calculation. The effects of sorbents and the particle size of Ca(OH)2 on the concentration of CO2 and H2 were investigated in detail. Results showed that the reactor packed with catalyst and Ca(OH)2 particles produced H2 concentration of 94%. It was nearly 96% of the theoretical equilibrium limit, much higher than H2 equilibrium concentration of 67.5% without CO2 sorption under the same conditions of 500℃, 0.2 MPa pressure and a steam-to-methane ratio 6. In addition, the residual mole fraction of CO2 was less than 0.001.
氢氧化四甲基铵腐蚀硅性能的改善
杨笛,余金中,陈少武,攀中朝,李运涛
. 2005, 13(1): 48-50. doi:
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An optimal concentration of the etching solution for deep etching of silicon, including 3% tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide and 0.3% (NH4)2S208, was achieved in this paper. For this etching solution, the etching rates of silicon and silicon dioxide were about 1.1μm.min^-1 and 0.5 nm.min^-1, respectively. The etching ratio between (100) and (111) planes was about 34:1, and the etched surface was very smooth.
固体超强酸催化剂SO
2-
4
/TiO
2
-MoO
3
的制备及其催化合成缩醛(酮)
杨水金,梁永光,余协卿,孙聚堂
. 2005, 13(1): 51-55. doi:
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SO4^2-/TiO2-MoO3, a novel solid superacid, has been prepared and its catalytic activity at different synthetic conditions was examined with esterification of n-butanoic acid and n-butyl alcohol as probing reaction.The optimum conditions were also found, that is, the mass ratio of MoO3 used in the compound is 25%, the calcination temperature 450℃, and the soaked consistency of H2SO4 is 0.5mol.L^-1. Then it was applied in the catalytic synthesis of six similar important ketals and acetals as catalyst and revealed high catalytic activity. Under the condition that the molar ratio of aldehyde/ketone to glycol was 1:1.5, the mass ratio of the catalyst to the reactants was 0.5% and the reaction time 1.0 h, the yield of ketals and acetals reached up to 63.2%. The catalyst can be easily recovered and reused.
一氧化碳偶联反应器分岔行为
徐艳,马新宾,许根慧
. 2005, 13(1): 56-61. doi:
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The bifurcation behavior of the CO coupling reactor was examined based on the one-dimensional pseudohomogeneous axial dispersion dynamic model. The method of finite difference was used for solving the boundary value problem; the continuation technique and the direct method were applied to determine the bifurcation diagram.The effects of dimensionless adiabatic temperature rise, Damkoehler number, activation energy, heat transfer coefficient and feed ratio on the bifurcation behavior were investigated. It was shown that there existed static bifurcation and the oscillations did not occur in the reactor. The result also revealed that the reactor exhibited at most 1-3-1 multiplilicity patterns within the range of practical possible parameters and the measures, such as weakening the axial dispersion of reactor, enhancing heat transfer, decreasing the concentration of ethyl nitrite, were efficient for avoiding the possible risk of multiple steady states.
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
基于VPLS的TE过程统计产品质量与费用控制
宋凯,王海清,李平
. 2005, 13(1): 62-67. doi:
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Product quality and operation cost control obtain increasing emphases in modern chemical system engineering. To improve the fault detection power of the partial least square (PLS) method for quality control, a new QRPV statistic is proposed in terms of the VP (variable importance in projection) indices of monitored process variables, which is significantly advanced over and different from the conventional Q statistic. QRPV is calculated only by the residuals of the remarkable process variables (RPVs). Therefore, it is the dominant relation between quality and RPV not all process variables (as in the case of the conventional PLS) that is monitored by this new VP-PLS (VPLS) method. The combination of QRPV and T2 statistics is applied to the quality and cost control of the Tennessee Eastman (TE) process, and weak faults can be detected as quickly as possible. Consequently, the product quality of TE process is guaranteed and operation costs are reduced.
基于遗传算法求解以最大利润为目标的间歇生产过程调度问题
伍联营,胡仰栋,徐冬梅,华贲
. 2005, 13(1): 68-73. doi:
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The optimal scheduling of multi-product batch process is studied and a new mathematics model targeting the maximum profit is proposed, which can be solved by the modified genetic algorithm (MGA) with mixed coding (sequence coding and decimal coding) developed by us. In which, the partially matched crossover (PMX) and reverse mutation are used for the sequence coding, whereas the arithmetic crossover and heteropic mutation are used for the decimal coding. In axidition, the relationship between production scale and production cost is analyzed and the maximum profit is always a trade-off of the production scale and production cost. Two examples are solved to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.
工业催化重整过程动态建模与仿真
胡永有,徐巍华,侯卫锋,苏宏业,褚健
. 2005, 13(1): 74-80. doi:
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A first principles-based dynamic model for a continuous catalyst regeneration (CCR) platforming process, the UOP commercial naphtha catalytic reforming process, is developed in this paper. The lumping details of the naphtha feed and reaction scheme of the reaction model are given. The process model is composed of the reforming reaction model with catalyst deactivation, the furnace model and the separator model, which is capable of capturing the major dynamics that occurs in this process system. Dynamic simulations are performed based on Gear numerical algorithm and method of lines (MOL), a numerical technique dealing with partial differential equations (PDEs). The results of simulation are also presented. Dynamic responses caused by disturbances in the process system can be correctly predicted through simulations.
THERMODYNAMICS
低浓度草酸水溶液的电导研究
倪良,韩世钧
. 2005, 13(1): 81-84. doi:
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Oxalic acid is a weak and unsymmetrical bi-basic acid. There exist dissociation and association equilibria among the species in aqueous solution. The molar conductivity of the solution is the sum of the ionic contributions.Based on this idea, a new prediction equation of ionic conductivity was proposed at low concentration. The molar conductivities of the solution and its relevant ions were calculated respectively. The results obtained were in good agreement with those from experiments and the Quint-Viallard equation.
PROCESS AND PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY
一种新型含肉桂酸酯结构的螺吡喃光致变色染料的合成与性能研究
申凯华,崔东熏
. 2005, 13(1): 85-90. doi:
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A novel bifunctional dye containing spirobenzopyran and cinnaznoyl moiety has been prepared and its photochromic behavior following irradiation at different wavelengths of monochrome UV light was investigated.The colourless bifunctional dye in film or solution exhibits unusual photochromism through structural and geometrical transformation from spirobenzopyran to merocyanine accompanying with photocrosslinking reaction in cinnamoyl moieties. Two kinds of photochemical reaction were achieved by irradiation at the different wavelengths of monochrome UV light (275 nm, 365 nm) selectively. The photochromic process of the bifunctional dye was discussed and the dynamic behaviors of the decolorization process were investigated.
利用硝酸回收机械化学活化后的硫化物浓缩液中的铅
A.G.Kholmogorov,O.N.Kononova,G.L.Pashkov,L.V.Shashina,V.P.Plekhanov,A.A.Sabetskiyb
. 2005, 13(1): 91-95. doi:
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Decomposition of lead sulfide concentrates in nitric acidic solutions after ferric (Ⅲ) nitrate addition and mechanical preparation has been investigated. It was found out that the decomposition can be achieved in HNO3 solution (>1.5 mol·L^-1) at the temperature above 85℃. The leaching rate of lead can be increased by means of mechanochemical activation. The use of [Fe(NO3)3-HNO3-H2O] aqueous salt system allows the decomposition of lead sulfide concentrate at room temperature and in this case the concentration of HNO3 does not exceed 0.05-0.1 mol.L^-1, The degree of lead recovery into solution from PbS concentrate reaches 99.3%-99.6c70 with the mechanochemical activation of this concentrate. The insoluble residues after the leaching contain SiO2, S^0, FeCO3 and PbSO4.
一种新型共气化工艺的开发
赵月红,温浩,郭占成,许志宏
. 2005, 13(1): 96-101. doi:
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As one of promising clean coal technologies used to reduce pollutant emission and CO2 discharge, cogasification has been extensively investigated. In this paper, a new co-gasification technology using coal and natural gas was developed. The distinct advantages of this technology are the excellent fuel flexibility and the availability to establish the gasifler by reconstructing the blast furnace or similar shaft furnace. Based on the concept of the new co-gasification technology, lab-scale experiments and modeling study were carried out. The obtained results indicate that gasification is undertaken at ideal thermodynamic environment where quasi-equilibrium could be reached without catalysts. The modeling results are in agreement with experimental data, demonstrating the validity of the model and that Aspen Plus is a useful tool for the analysis of the co-gasification process. Furthermore,the effect of major operation parameters, including oxygen flow rate and steam flow rate, on co-gasification process was investigated using the developed model.
Pt、Rh及Pt-Rh合金电极上氢的吸附
贾梦秋,A.M.Meretskyi
. 2005, 13(1): 102-106. doi:
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The hydrogen adsorption on Pt-Rh alloys in sulfuric acid aqueous solutions was studied by the method of cathode pulses. Hydrogen adsorption on the electrode with all ratio of alloy components (ωRh = 0-100%) is well described by the Temkin logarithmic isotherm. The surface coverage by adsorbed hydrogen at the same potential is decreased with increasing content of rhodium in the system. A linear dependence of adsorption peak potential on the alloy compositions in the case of weakly bonded adsorbed hydrogen is established. Hydrogen adsorption heat as a function of surface coverage for Pt-Rh-electrodes was obtained. The shape of the current-potential curve and position of the weakly bonded hydrogen adsorption on the potential scale are all related to alloy compositions, thus can serve as the basis for the determination surface composition of allovs.
质子传导陶瓷电解质燃料电池特性分析
谭小耀,孟波,杨乃涛,K.Li
. 2005, 13(1): 107-117. doi:
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An electrolyte model for the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) with proton conducting perovskite electrolyte is developed in this study, in which four types of charge carriers including proton, oxygen vacancy (oxide ion), free electron and electron hole are taken into consideration. The electrochemical process within the SOFC with hydrogen as the fuel is theoretically analyzed. With the present model, the effects of some parameters, such as the thickness of electrolyte, operating temperature and gas composition, on the ionic transport (or gas permeation) through the electrolyte and the electrical performance, i.e., the electromotive force (EMF) and internal resistance of the cell, are investigated in detail. The theoretical results are tested partly by comparing with the experimental data obtained from SrCe0.05M0.05O3-α(M=Yb, Y) cells.
RESEARCH NOTES
粗糙固体平面上液滴的接触角滞后的简单流体静力学模型
毛在砂,杨超,陈家镛
. 2005, 13(1): 118-123. doi:
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The phenomenon of hysteresis of contact angle is an important topic subject to a long time of argument.A simple hydrostatic model of sessile drops under the gravity in combination with an ideal surface roughness model is used to interpret the process of drop volume increase or decrease of a planar sessile drop and to shed light on the contact angle hysteresis and its relationship with the solid surface roughness. With this model, the advancing and receding contact angles are conceptually explained in terms of equilibrium contact angle and surface roughness only,without invoking the thermodynamic multi plicity. The model is found to be qualitatively consistent to experimental observations on contact angle hysteresis and it suggests a possible way to approach the hysteresis of three-dimensional sessile drops.
气-液-固三相循环流化床中的液相轴向扩散
M.Vatanakul,孙国刚,郑莹,M.Couturier
. 2005, 13(1): 124-127. doi:
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The effects of liquid viscosities, solid circulating rates, liquid and gas velocities and phase holdups on the axial dispersion coefficient, Dax, were investigated in a gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed (GLSCFB).Liquid viscosity promotes the axial liquid backmixing when solid particles and gas bubbles are present. Increases in gas velocities and solid circulating rates lead to higher Dax. The effects of liquid velocity on Dax are associated with liquid viscosity. Compared with conventional expanded beds, the GLSCFBs hold less axial liquid dispersion,approaching ideal plug-flow reactors.
超临界反溶剂过程制备槲皮素超细颗粒
刘学武,李志义,韩冰,苑塔亮
. 2005, 13(1): 128-130. doi:
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Supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process is a recently developed technology to produce micro- and nanoparticles. This paper presents a continuous apparatus to conduct experiment of SAS process. With the apparatus,the effects of pressure, temperature and flow ratio of CO2 to the solution on the shape and size of particles are studied for the quercetin-ethanol-CO2 system. Spherical quercetin microparticles with diameters ranging form i μm to 6μm can be obtained while ethanol is used as organic solvent. The most effective fact on the shape and size of particles is pressure, the next is temperature and the last is the flow ratio of CO2 to solution.
并流喷射填料塔板流体力学及传质性质性能的实验研究
刘国标,兰仁水,王树楹,余国琮
. 2005, 13(1): 131-134. doi:
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The jet co-flow packing tray(JCPT) with three different types of perforation in equal opening fraction was tested in two rectangular columns with 0.12 min width and 0.27 m in length operated with air-water system.The influences of gas phase orifice F-factor and clear liquid height He on the amount of liquid lifted, Q, were examined. The corresponding correlation between Q with F-factor and equivalent diameter of perforated holes as well as Hc was obtained. Furthermore, the non-steady state mass transfer performance of JCPT was tested by the humidification of air with water. Finally, by the analysis of data and comparison, it was found that the JCPT tray with single cap and two holes exhibited the highest mass transfer efficiency and best performance.
生物膜新工艺吸附Cu
2+
动力学研究
张敬,姜斌,李鑫钢,刘瑞轩,孙永利
. 2005, 13(1): 135-139. doi:
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The biosorption of copper(R) ions onto biofilm was studied in a batch system with respect to the temperature, initial pH value and biofilm sorbent mass. The biomass exhibited the highest copper(R) sorption capacity under the conditions of room temperature, initial pH value of 6.0 and the sorbent mass 8g. The experimental data were analyzed using four sorption kinetic models, the pseudo-first order, the Ritchie second order, the modified second order and the Elovich equations to determine the best-fit equation for the sorption of metal ions onto biofilm.Comparing with the sum of squared-errors, the results show that both the Ritchie second order and modified second order equations can fit the experimental data very well.
CO
2
压缩与卸压速率对微生物生理的影响
刘秀凤,张宝泉,李天铎
. 2005, 13(1): 140-143. doi:
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The influence of compression and decompression rates of carbon dioxide on the physiology of Absidia coerulea and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was investigated. Besides parameters such as pressure, temperature, exposure time, water content, and initial pH, the influence of either compression or decompressionrate on the biological behavior of microorganisms was quite essential. For both microorganisms studied, an optimal rate for either compression or decompression process exists due to the integrated effect of pressure, exposure time as well as compression or decompression speed. The decompression rate has no significant effect on cell’s viability after 180 min exposure in compressed CO2 because almost all the microorganisms were died before decompression.
高压下甲烷在乙醇-正已烷混合溶剂中的溶解度测定与研究
华超,马沛生,夏淑倩,白鹏
. 2005, 13(1): 144-148. doi:
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Solubility data were first presented for methane in the mixture of ethanol-hexane at temperatures from 291.15K to 318.15K and pressures up to 12.00MPa. The experimental data were correlated by PR and PRSV equations of state with rms errors of about 0.051. The A-K and Y-W-A-K models were both used to estimate liquid molar volume under high pressure. The results were satisfactory.
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1982年创刊 月刊
主编:费维扬
执行主编:骆广生
主管:中国科学技术协会
主办:中国化工学会/化学工业出版社有限公司
ISSN: 1004-9541
CN: 11-3270/TQ
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