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English
本期目录
2004年 第12卷 第5期 刊出日期:2004-10-28
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TRANSPORT PHENOMENA & FLUID MECHANICS
搅拌槽内液-固两相体系的数值研究(Ⅰ)流场的数值模拟
王峰,王卫京,毛在砂
. 2004, 12(5): 599-609. doi:
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Three-dimensional solid-liquid flow is mathematically formulated by means of the “two-fluid” approach and the two-phase k-ε-Ap turbulence model. The turbulent fluctuation correlations appearing in the Reynolds time averaged governing equations are fully incorporated. The solid-liquid flow field and solid concentration distribution in baffled stirred tanks with a standard Rushton impeller are numerically simulated using an improved “inner-outer” iterative procedure. The flow pattern is identified via the velocity vector plots and a recirculation loop with higher solid concentration is observed in the central vicinity beneath the impeller. Comparison of the simulation with experimental data on the mean velocities and the turbulence quantities of the solid phase is made and quite reasonable agreement is obtained except for the impeller swept volume. The counterpart of liquid phase is presented as well. The predicted solid concentration distribution for three experimental cases with the average solid concentration up to 20% is also found to agreereasonably with the experimental results published in the literature.
搅拌槽内液-固两相体系的数值研究(Ⅱ)临界搅拌转速的预测
王峰,毛在砂,沈湘黔
. 2004, 12(5): 610-614. doi:
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The critical impeller speed, NJS, for complete suspension of solid particles in the agitated solid-liquid two-phase system in baffled stirred tanks with a standard Rushton impeller is predicted using the computational procedure proposed in Part Ⅰ. Three different numerical criteria are tested for determining the critical solid suspension. The predicted NJS is compared with those obtained from several empirical correlations. It is suggested the most reasonable criterion for determining the complete suspension of solid particles is the positive sign of simulated axial velocity of solid phase at the location where the solid particles are most difficult to be suspended.
粗糙表面上的接触角滞后现象与滞后张力
王晓东,彭晓峰,王补宣
. 2004, 12(5): 615-621. doi:
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Observation and measurement were conducted to investigate contact angle and its hysteresis on rough surface. The experimental results indicate that the increase in solid surface roughness enlarges advancing contact angle and decreases receding contact angle, resulting in enhanced hysteresis. It was observed that when Young’s contact angle θy<90°, as the roughness of solid surface increased the extent of the decrease in receding contact angle exceeded that of the increase in advancing contact angle. Based on the experimental observations, the concept of hysteresis tension was introduced to describe the contact angle hysteresis behavior on rough solid surface. The model provides a thoughtful understanding of the physical nature of contact angle hysteresis, in particular an instructive description of the influence of surface roughness on the hysteresis. The prediction of the model is found in quite good agreement with the experimental observation and measurement.
通过速度-时间数据的小波变换研究筛板式鼓泡塔中的湍流结构
闻建平,贾晓强,周怀,刘宝谈,李瑞
. 2004, 12(5): 622-627. doi:
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Hydrodynamic and turbulent structures in the trayed bubble column with 1.2m inner diameter have been characterized from liquid-phase velocity-time series data obtained by the hot-film anemometer. Wavelet transform analysis was used for denoising the measured data and also for evaluating quantifiers of t
urbulence, viz., local intermittency measure, intermittency index and flatness factor. These quantifiers help in detecting the passage of bubbles and reveal the hidden structures and patterns in data. Also, the wavelet scalewise analysis of the turbulence at various locations in the column and under dif
ferent operating conditions could be used to build a direct relationship between the local gas holdup and flatness factor. The methodology is therefore suitable for online evaluation of the trayed bubble column performance and shows promise for developing strategies for improving process performance.
用引射技术提高离心泵的汽蚀性能
崔宝玲,朱祖超,张剑慈,吴昱,陈鹰
. 2004, 12(5): 628-632. doi:
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Improving the suction performance of centrifugal pumps by using jetting device is presented. The theoretical analysis, experimental study and engineering implementation show that suction performance of centrifugal pump can be improved with jetting device and be used for delivering the liquid media requiring high suction performance, whereas the efficiency and head of the pump will decrease a little. The effect of feed-back jetting on suction performance is the most obvious at design point. The suitable rate of feed-back flow is 2%-5%.
内加热垂直环隙中引入惰性气体时的沸腾传热
王军,苗君,刘芸,沈自求
. 2004, 12(5): 633-638. doi:
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In this paper, boiling heat transfer in a vertical annulus with inner side heated with and without air introduction is experimentally studied. Results show that boiling heat transfer is significantly enhanced by the introduction of air. When air is introduced into the liquid with a temperature below boiling point, the enhancement of heat transfer is also detected. It is concluded from the study that the heat transfer enhanced by introduction of inert gas is due to the liquid vaporization at the gas-llquid interface near the wall, which removes a large amount of latent heat and lowers the interfacial temperature considerably. Thus the gas-liquid interface acts as a “heat sink” and the heat transfer is augmented significantly.
液化石油气储罐在喷射火焰作用下的热响应模型
邢志祥,蒋军成,赵晓芳
. 2004, 12(5): 639-646. doi:
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Abstract This paper describes a mathematical model developed to study the behavior of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) tanks when subjected to jet fire. The model consists of a number of field and zone sub-models which are used to simulate the various physical phenomena taking place during the tank engulfm
ent period. The model can be used to predict the pressure and temperature of the LPG in the tank, the temperature of the wall of tank, and the time of tank explosion. The comparisons between the model predicted results and the test data show good agreement. The results show that the jet fire partially i
mpinging on tank wall led to higher wall temperature and the time to failure was shorter than that in engulfing pool fire. And the exposure of the upper wall in the vapor zone to the fire is more dangerous than that of the LPG contacted wall.
REACTION KINETICS, CATALYSIS AND……
光引发长链正构烷烃多氯代反应机理与动力学
易玲敏,詹晓力,陈丰秋
. 2004, 12(5): 647-651. doi:
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Based on the mechanism analysis of the polychlorination of long chain n-alkanes by photo-initiation,a kinetic model was developed. The model parameters were obtained by the method of non-linear fitting. The influences of luminous intensity and concentration of molecular chlorine on the rate of polychlorination are demonstrated by the model. If the luminous intensity is adequate, the polychlorination rate of n-alkane is only controlled by the flow rate of molecular chlorine in a wide range of temperature, and the changes of temperature and luminous intensity have less effect on the reaction rate. In addition, the predictions of chlorine content of polychlorinated n-alkane calculated with the model agree very well with experimental results.
Pt/C催化邻硝基氯苯加氢反应的动力学研究
蒋成君,尹红,陈志荣
. 2004, 12(5): 652-657. doi:
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The kinetics of catalytic hydrogenation of ortho-nitrochlorobenzene to 2,2’-dichloroazoxybenzene on platinum/carbon catalyst is investigated in a slurryreactor with the temperature range of 313--343 K, and orthochloroaniline is formed as a byproduct. Models based on Rideal-Eley and Langmuir-Hinshelwoodmechanism have been proposed based on the rate data and the kinetic regime. The former model can be used to fit the experimental data better. Reaction controlling steps are physical adsorption of hydrogen and adsorbed ortho-nitrochlorobenzene reacted on the surface of catalyst.
[bmim]Cl/FeCl
3
离子液体催化苯与乙烯烷基化反应的新型机理
孙学文,赵锁奇,王仁安
. 2004, 12(5): 658-661. doi:
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Up to now the mechanism of Friedel-Crafts reactions catalyzed by ionic liquid have not been fully understood, while carbocation mechanism was assumed. It was found that the source of H+ and the route of reaction initiated the alkylation of benzene with ethylene catalyzed by [bmim]Cl/FeCl3 ionic liquid. The fact that dewatered ionic liquids have catalytic activity for the alkylation of benzene with ethylene suggests that there exists a new catalytic route. The distinctly Bronsted acid properties of 2-H in [bmim]Cl were found through FT-IR and HNMR analysis of [bmim]Cl after titration with water free KOH in alcohol solution. In addition, the chemical shifts of proton on the [bmim]Cl ring, especially 2-H, are sensitive to the change of FeCl3 content and shifted downfield when FeCl3 was added into [bmim]Cl to form ionic liquid. Thus 2-H was easy to be disengaged from imidazolium ring with formation of H^+to initiate the reaction. The isotope-substituted method was employed to prove this mechanism, through the GC-MS analysis of alkylation products of deuterated benzene with ethylene. The route of alkylation catalyzed by FeC13 ionic liquid was found to follow the carbocation mechanism, the resource of H+ was presented and proved using HNMR analysis of ionic liquid to inspect the intensity change of 2-H. It was found that the intensity of 2-H reduced 23% after reaction showing that the H+ arising from alkylation reaction was supplied by 2-H on the imidazole ring.
基于绿色化工的化学反应路径选择
何潮洪,葛挺峰,ShuanghuaYang,DavidW.Edwards
. 2004, 12(5): 662-667. doi:
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In the preliminary stage of chemical process design, the choice of chemical reaction route is the key design decision, and the concepts of atom utilization and environmental quotient have become extremely useful tools. However, the waste quality such as chemical toxicity and other engineering factors have not been taken into account. Therefore, a synthetic route selection index, /Route, is proposed to determine the suitability of a chemical route in this paper. /Route considers the effects of “extended atom economy”, material renewability, chemical characteristics and some engineering factors. The eextended atom economy concept regards not only the value of the desired product but also the value of byproducts. The methodology by using IRoute to compare different routes is illustrated in case study of cyclohexanone oxime and acrylonitrile manufacture.
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
一个化工过程运行系统的多层信息集成平台
钱宇,李荷华,李秀喜
. 2004, 12(5): 668-672. doi:
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In the process industry, automation and process control systems are widely implemented, information integration is however far away from satisfactory. It remains a hard job for senior managers to make decisions based on the plant-wide real-time integrated information. This paper proposes a multi-layer information integration platform. In the data integration level, the standard for the exchange of product (STEP) and the extensible markup language (XML) are used to unify these data of the chemical process. In the model integration level, the models are integrated by using the neutral model repository and CAPE-OPEN. In the integration of process task, the common object request broker architecture (CORBA) is used as the communication mediator. The XML is taken as the data standard. A uniform information platform is thus constructed and realized. The proposed information integration platform is satisfactorily implemented to solve the Tennessee Eastman (TE) problem.
化工过程中柔性分析的改进模型
张蕾,何小荣,徐强
. 2004, 12(5): 673-676. doi:
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This paper discussed an extended model for flexibility analysis of chemical process. Under uncertainty, probability density function is used to describeuncertain parameters instead of hyper-rectangle, and chanceconstrained programming is a feasible way to deal with the violation of constraints. Because the feasible region of control variables would change along with uncertain parameters, its smallest acceptable size threshold is presented to ensure the controllability condition. By synthesizing the considerations mentioned above, a modified model can describe the flexibility analysis problem more exactly. Then a hybrid algorithm, which integrates stochastic simulation and genetic algorithm, is applied to solve this model and maximize the flexibilityregion. Both numerical and chemical process examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.
基于递归神经网络的多变量非线性PID解耦控制
张燕,陈增强,杨鹏,袁著祉
. 2004, 12(5): 677-681. doi:
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A nonlinear proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller is constructed based on recurrent neural networks. In the control process of nonlinear multivariable systems, several nonlinear PID controllers have been adopted in parallel. Under the decoupling cost function, a decoupling control strategy is proposed. Then the stability condition of the controller is presented based on the Lyapunov theory. Simulation examples are given to show effectiveness of the proposed decoupling control.
间歇生产过程鲁棒统计监控及其应用
谢磊,张建明,王树青
. 2004, 12(5): 682-687. doi:
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In order to reduce the variations of the product quality in batch processes, multivariate statistical process control methods according to multi-way principal component analysis (MPCA) or multi-way projection to latent structure (MPLS) were proposed for on-line batch process monitoring. However, they are based on the decomposition of relative covariance matrix and strongly affected by outlying observations. In this paper, in view of an efficient projection pursuit algorithm, a robust statistical batch process monitoring (RSBPM) framework, which is resistant to outliers, is proposed to reduce the high demand for modeling data. The construction of robust normal operating condition model and robust control limits are discussed in detail. It is evaluatedon monitoring an industrial streptomycin fermentation process and compared with the conventional MPCA. The results show that the RSBPM framework is resistant to possible outliers and the robustness is confirmed.
THERMODYNAMICS
电化学界面处离子分布、静电势和ξ势的研究
于养信,吴建中,高光华
. 2004, 12(5): 688-695. doi:
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Density functional theory is applied to predicting the structures and electrostatic potentials of planar electrochemical surfaces within the framework of the restricted primitive model where small ions are represented by charged hard spheres of equal diameter and the solvent is assumed to be a continuous dielectric medium. The hard-sphere contribution to the excess Helmholtz energy functional is evaluated using the modified fundamentalmeasure theory and the electrostatic contribution is obtained from the quadratic functional Taylor expansion using the second-order direct correlation function from the mean-spherical approximation. Numerical results for the ionic density profiles and the mean electrostatic potentials near a planar surface of various charge densities are in excellent agreement with molecular simulations. In contrast to the modified Gouy-Chapman theory, the present density functional theory correctly predicts the second layer formation and charge inversion of charged surfaces as observed in simulations and in experiments. The theory has also been tested with the zeta potentials of positively charged polystyrene particles in aqueous solutions of KBr. Good agreement is achieved between the calculated and experimental results.
水-丁酸-壬醇三相系统的液液平衡
S.IsmailKlrbaslar,SemaYueksel,ErolInce,IsmailBoz
. 2004, 12(5): 696-699. doi:
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Liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data for the water + butyric acid + nonanol system have been determined experimentally at the temperatures of 298.15K, 308.15K and 318.15 K. Tie-line compositions were correlated by Othmer-Tobias method. The universal quasichemical functional group activity coefficient (UNIFAC) and modified UNIFAC methods were used to predict the phase equilibrium in the system using the interaction parameters between CH3, CH2, COOH, OH and H2O functional groups. Distribution coefficients and separation factors were evaluated for the immiscibility region.
对二甲苯与环己烷、正庚烷、正辛烷、环丁砜和N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮和乙酸二元混合物在303.15K和323.15K的超额体积和黏度
杨长生,马沛生,周清
. 2004, 12(5): 700-706. doi:
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Experimental data on density and viscosity at 303.15K and 323.15K are presented for the binary mixtures of p-xylene with cyclohexane, n-heptane, n-octane, sulfolane, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and acetic acid. From these data, the excess molar volume and deviations in viscosity have been calculated. The computed quantities have been fitted to the Redlich-Kister Equation to derive coefficients and estimate the standard error values. Results are discussed interms of intermolecular interactions.
BIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOENGINEERING
一种溶解酶(ATE)的分离纯化及其稳定性
关怡新,姚善泾,俞丽华,梅乐和
. 2004, 12(5): 707-710. doi:
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An antithrombus enzyme (ATE) was precipitated by (NH4)2SO4 or ethanol from supernatant of Bacillus subtilis culture broth then purified using ion exchange chromatography on CM-sepharose fast flow. The effects of ionic strength and pH value on protein adsorption, the gradient elution at different flow rates and step elution were examined respectively. The recovery yield of the optimised process was 74.5% with a purification factor 8.1. The ATE molecular weight was estimated as 30ku by SDS-PAGE. The experimental results showed that the enzyme was stable in the range of pH 7 to pH11, and temperature 25℃ to 37℃.
具有高比表面积的稻壳灰的制备及其化学活性的研究
冯庆革,林清宇,童张法,杉田修一
. 2004, 12(5): 711-715. doi:
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Preparation of rice husk ash with high specific surface area and chemical reactivity of the product are reported in this paper. The amorphous rice husk ash with high specific surface area of 311 m^2.g^-1 was produced by heating acid treated rice husk at 700~C for 4 h. The isotherms of rice husk ash are similar in shape to type Ⅱ of Brunaner’s classification with mesopores being predominant. The rice husk ash has a high chemical reactivity, especially that pretreated with acid. This chemical reactivity depends on ashing temperature and pretreatment conditions. There is an exponential relation betweenthe specific surface area of rice husk ash and the change in the conductivity of saturated Ca(OH)2 solution with rice husk ash, from which the specific surface area can be known according to the conductivity change.
RESEARCH NOTES
Al-Zn-Mg/Fe复合粉体降解水体中氯代有机物污染的研究
解淑民, 万平玉,AndrewJ.Feitz, GUANJing, 杨晓波, 刘小光
. 2004, 12(5): 716-718. doi:
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Micro-scale Al-Zn-Mg/Fe composite powders (MAF) with high reactivity and good storage properties were prepared by reducing iron onto the surface of AI-Zn-Mg alloy powders. Experimental results show that MAF as advanced zero-valent iron are highly effective for degradation of chlorinated organic compounds. The efficiency of degradation for carbon tetrachloride and perchloroethylene is higher than 99% within a period of 2 h. The efficiency of degradation for trichloroethylene by MAF after storing for one month is equivalent to that by freshly prepared nano-size zero-valent iron particles.
含磺酰氯基吡唑啉酮类偶氮化合物的合成
汤立军,张淑芬,崔志华,杨锦宗,高文涛
. 2004, 12(5): 719-722. doi:
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Chlorosulfonyl-containing pyrazolone azo compounds (2a, 2b) have been prepared by reaction of the corresponding sodium sulfonate (la, lb) with thionyl chloride in the presence of a catalytic quantity of N,Ndimethylformamide in dry benzene. The effects of reaction temperature, time, catalyst and solvent amount on the yield of 2a and 2b were investigated. The results show that chlorination of 1a and 1b under optimal conditions gives 2a and 2b in 95.5% and 99.2% yield respectively. The given method is facile and suitable for large-scale synthesis.
简谐运动膜分离的理论研究
周先桃,陈文梅,褚良银,易美桂,陈明惠
. 2004, 12(5): 723-727. doi:
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A simple harmonic motion is proposed to make the membrane move in a simple harmonic way so as to enhance the membrane filtration, and minimize the membr ane fouling and concentration polarization. The velocity distribution and pressure distribution are deduced from the Navier-Stokes equation on the basis of a laminar flow when the membrane rotates at the speed of A sin(αt). And then the shear stress, shear force, moment of force on the membrane surfacee and power consumed by viscous force are calculated. The velocity distribution demonstrates that the phase of membrane velocity does not synchronize with that of shear stress. The simple harmonic motion can result in self-cleaning, optimize energy utilization, provide the velocity field with instability, and make the feed fluid fluctuation. It also results in higher shear stress on the membrane surface than the constant motion when they consume the same quantitative energy.
碳纳米管的化学镀铜
凤仪,袁海龙
. 2004, 12(5): 728-731. doi:
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A simple chemical method was employed to coat carbon nanotubes with a layer of copper. Due to the hydrophobic nature, large surface curvature, small diameter and large aspect ratio, it is difficult to gain continuous electroless plating layer on the surface of carbon nanotubes. In this paper, a series methods (oxidization, sensitization and activation) are used to add active sites before electroless plating, and the adjustment of the traditional composition of copper electroless plating bath and operating condition can decelerate electroless plating rate. The samples before and after coating were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results showed that the surface of carbon nanotubes was successfully coated with continuous layer of copper, which lays a good foundation for applying carbon nanotubes in composites.
基于支持向量机回归的天然气负荷预测研究
刘涵,刘丁,郑岗,梁炎明
. 2004, 12(5): 732-736. doi:
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Natural gas load forecasting is a key process to the efficient operation of pipeline network. An accurate forecast is required to guarantee a balanced network operation and ensure safe gas supply at a minimum cost. Machine learning techniques have been increasingly applied to load forecasting. A novel regression technique based on the statistical learning theory, support vector machines (SVM), is investigated in this paper for natural gas shortterm load forecasting. SVM is based on the principle of structure risk minimization as opposed to the principle of empirical risk minimization in conventional regression techniques. Using a data set with 2 years load values we developed prediction model using SVM to obtain 31 days load predictions. The results on city natural gas short-term load forecasting show that SVM provides better prediction accuracy than neural network. The software package natural gas pipeline networks simulation and load forecasting (NGPNSLF) based on support vector regression prediction has been developed, which has also been applied in practice.
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1982年创刊 月刊
主编:费维扬
执行主编:骆广生
主管:中国科学技术协会
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ISSN: 1004-9541
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