The direct oxidation of methane to methanol (DOMM) has been recognized as a significant technology for efficiently utilizing low-concentration coalbed methane (LCMM) and supplying liquid fuel. Herein, the noble metals (Pt, Pd and Ru) modified Cu/alkalized sepiolite (CuX/SEPA) catalysts were prepared and used for the DOMM in a gas-phase system at low temperatures. The CuRu/SEPA exhibited the highest methanol production of 53 μmol·g^-1·h^-1 and methanol selectivity of 90% under the optimal reaction conditions. Various characterizations demonstrated that the addition of Ru promoted the formation of Cu²⁺ and the contraction of Cu—Si/Al bonds to reduce the distance between framework Al atoms of SEPA to further generate more Al pairs, which facilitated the formation of reactive dicopper species ([Cu₂O]²⁺ or [Cu₂O₂]²⁺). Investigation of the reaction mechanism revealed that [Cu₂O]²⁺ or [Cu₂O₂]²⁺ species could adsorb and activate methane to form CH₃O* species and ultimately generated methanol with the assistance of water.

The limitations of swirl separation in removing microfine oil droplets in water have driven the development of hydrocyclone technology coupled with multiphase or multifield techniques. To enhance microfine oil droplets separation, a novel hydrocyclone separation coupled with fiber coalescence (HCCFC) was designed. The interaction between fiber balls and oil droplets inside the hydrocyclone, including droplet coalescence and breakage, was investigated. The influence of different operating parameters on separation efficiency was discussed. The results showed that fiber balls promoted oil droplet coalescence when the inlet droplet size (D₄₃) was below 22.37 μm but caused droplet breakage above this threshold. The coalescence performance of HCCFC improved with increasing inlet oil content but declined beyond 450 mg·L^-1. Separation experiments confirmed that HCCFC outperformed conventional hydrocyclone, with separation efficiency increasing by 2.9% to 20.0%. As the fiber ball content and inlet flow rate increased, the separation efficiency showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. Additionally, HCCFC's separation efficiency varied with inlet oil droplet size distribution, showing the most significant enhancement when D₄₃ was 22.37 μm, where separation efficiency increased by 14.4%. These findings offer insights into the development and application of multiphase coupled with hydrocyclone technology.

Membrane fouling is the primary resistance to the continuous production of stirred membrane reactors. This work presents a laser-enhanced high-magnification telecentric imaging system (LEHTIS), which uses a high-magnification telecentric lens and laser-enhanced illumination to invasively capture the motion of particles on the membrane surface or near the membrane. The problems of working distance and particle interference in the stirred membrane reactor are solved to achieve the purpose of in-situ monitoring of membrane fouling. This method is suitable for high flow rates, high solid holdup, and small particle size systems, and the dynamic motion and accumulation of particles are preliminarily analyzed. It shows that the accumulation and desorption of particles on the membrane surface are related to the physical properties of the membrane surface. There is an intermittent rotational movement in the flow field near the membrane, and it tends to stabilize over time. The filtration process can be assessed by monitoring changes in the overall velocity and acceleration of particles near the membrane. The analysis of forces acting on individual particles is compared and validated with the force balance model to correct and accurately apply it to stirred membrane reactors. The development of LEHTIS provides an effective tool for in-situ monitoring of membrane fouling and optimizing the stirred membrane reactors for industrial applications.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been developed for nearly 70 years, and it is the main technology to treat cardiopulmonary failure and continue to maintain life. As the core component of the ECMO system, the gas exchange membrane possesses low gas permeability and plasma leakage at present. In addition, the membrane material exists low blood compatibility, causing the formation of thrombosis. Therefore, the membrane material with high gas permeability and blood compatibility are urgently needed. This paper summarizes the membrane development process, preparation method, and modification method. It provides a new idea for the preparation and coating modification as artificial lung membrane.

A pilot plant integrating pervaporation membrane bioreactor and mechanical vapor compression for bioethanol production was designed and constructed in the study, with a bioethanol production of 300 t·a^-1. Key equipment in the process were designed based on bench test data. A pilot-scale fermenter with 20 m³ in volume, 4 m in height and 2.5 m in diameter was designed based on geometric similarity criterion and power equality criterion. An integrated plate-frame membrane module with 105 plates was newly developed. Compared with conventional batch fermentation, the improvement of equipment utilization efficiency and the cell utilization efficiency can be expected as 1.5-2.0 times and 2-10 times, respectively, with waste water reduced by 70% to 85%. The high-exergy energy requirement for pilot plant was 57.5 kW, of which the broth preheater occupied 85.7%, following by the compressor 1.1%, pump 1.9% and fermenter agitator 0.3%. The total energy requirement including distillation for producing 1 kg ethanol (95%(mass)) achieved an energy surplus of 15.6 MJ.

It has been widely recognized that the mixing process has significant impacts on the performance of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) reactors due to the rapid radical polymerization occurred in the reactors, but how the macro- and micro-mixing affect the reactor performance was still controversial in publications. In this work, a cold-flow LDPE autoclave with multi-feedings was scaled down (1/2) from an industrial reactor and built to systematically investigate the macro- and micro-mixing characteristics of fluid by experiments. Furthermore, the effects of macro- and micro-mixing on the polymerization were comprehensively analyzed. The results showed that according to the delay time t_d and macro-mixing times t_M calculated from residence time distribution (RTD) curves, the macro-mixing states are significantly different at various axial positions (h/H), especially at lower agitation Reynolds number Re. But with the increase of Re, since the circulation flow in the reactor is strengthened, the t_d for each feed gradually decreases to 0, and the t_M at different axial positions tend to be identical. For micro-mixing, the qualities of micro-mixing at different axial positions are similar, and the average micro-mixing time t_m in the reactor decreases exponentially with the increase of Re. Moreover, a fitting model was established. Through the comparison of the characteristic times of macro-mixing (t_d, t_M), micro-mixing (t_m) and elementary reactions within the industrial range of Re, it can be concluded that the properties of LDPE products are dominated by the macro-mixing behavior, and the consumption of initiators is affected by both the macro- and micro-mixing behaviors. This conclusion is of great significance for the design, optimization and operation of LDPE reactors.

Fractal theory provides a new strategy for equipment design. In this work, we propose a novel H-like fractal (HLF) impeller to improve the uniformity of the distribution of hydrodynamics in stirred tanks. The impellers are constructed by replacing two vertical blades or four legs with two or four H-like sub-blades by fractal iterations, respectively. Flow characteristics including velocity and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) distributions, vortices, power number, are predicted by large eddy simulation. Compared with Rushton turbine (RT) impeller when H/T = 1 (or dual RTs when H/T = 1.5, triple RTs when H/T = 2), the HLF impeller can produce a flow field with more uniform distributions of larger velocities and TKE level. The impeller with more fractal iteration times can further improve the distribution uniformity of hydrodynamics in the case of high H/T. Power analysis shows that this is mainly due to the improved energy utilization efficiency by the fractal structure design.

It is well known that adsorbent material is the key to determine the CO₂ adsorption performance. Herein, ZIF-8 derived porous carbon (ZIF-8-C) is anchored into the framework of a novel composite aerogel (ZCPx), which utilizes chitosan (CS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as raw materials. By controlling the ratio of ZIF-8-C, the developed hierarchical porous structures combine the advantages of micropores, mesopores, and macropores. Besides, the ligand material of ZIF-8-C and the amino group from CS are two sources of the high nitrogen content of ZCPx. The optimized sample ZCP4 shows a high nitrogen content of 6.78%, which can create more active centers and supply basic sites, thereby enhancing the CO₂ adsorption capacity. Moreover, ZCP4 composite aerogel presents a CO₂ adsorption capacity of 2.26 mmol·g^-1 (298 K, 0.1 MPa) and CO₂/N₂ selectivity (S_CO2/N2) can reach 20.02, and the dynamic breakthrough experiment is performed to confirm the feasibility of CO₂/N₂ actual separation performance, proving that the composite aerogel is potential candidates for CO₂ adsorption.

In this study, four types of spiral fins with varying parameters were mounted on an upstream cylinder, and the effects of spiral fins on the vibration response of heat exchange tubes and the vortex structure in cross flow were studied through experiments and numerical simulations. The results indicate a strong dependency of the cylinder's vibration response on the fin parameters. The results indicate that the vibration response and wake structure of the cylinder are significantly influenced by the parameters of the fins. The introduction of a finned cylinder affects both its own vibration amplitude and frequency, as well as the downstream cylinder. The amplitudes of finned cylinders I and III are reduced by 57.8% and 59.9%, respectively, compared to the bare cylinder. This reduction helps to restrain vibration and diminishes the amplitudes of the downstream cylinder. Although finned cylinder II slightly decreases its own vibration, it increases the amplitude of the downstream cylinder by 13.7%. The mean drag coefficient and the root mean square of the lift coefficient of the finned cylinder are higher than those of the bare cylinder when the finned cylinder is positioned upstream. Smaller pitch and larger equivalent diameter will lead to increased drag, resulting in enhanced vortex shedding in the wake, which amplifies the vibrations of the cylinder in that wake. The downstream of finned cylinder II has the widest wake and higher vortex strength, and the dynamic load and vibration of the downstream cylinder are increased. The vortex intensity decays faster in the wake of finned cylinder III, and the vibration of the downstream cylinder is weaker.

Nervonic acid (NA) is a long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid with significant potential for neural fiber repair. In this study, a mixed fatty acid methyl ester was synthesized as the raw material through saponification of Acer truncatum Bunge seed oil. Based on the differences in boiling points and relative volatilities of various components, a four-stage vacuum batch distillation process was employed to enrich the nervonic acid methyl ester (NAME). The effect of distillation process parameters on enrichment efficiency was investigated, including distillation temperature, operating pressure, and reflux ratio. The purity of NAME achieved as 91.20% under optimal conditions and the corresponding yield was 48.91%. To further increase the purity, a low-temperature crystallization process was adopted and a final purity of NAME was obtained as 97.56%. Simulation of the above four-stage batch distillation was conducted using Aspen Plus software, and a continuous distillation processes was further simulated to establish a theoretical basis for future industrial-scale production. The results of experiments and simulation demonstrate that the integrated process of vacuum distillation and low-temperature crystallization exhibits remarkable separation performances, providing robust guidance for the production of high-purity NA.

With the development of vanadium redox flow battery technology, the demand for pure vanadium is rapidly increasing. The separation of vanadium from vanadium-chromium leaching solutions are critical step in the production of purity-vanadium. This study presents an innovative adsorption process that utilizes amorphous ZrO₂ (AZrO) for the selective separation of V(V) and Cr(VI). In this process, a high adsorption capacity for V(V) at 64.5 mg·g^-1 was achieved, while the capacity for Cr(VI) is relatively low at 24.1 mg·g^-1, demonstrating good separation performance. This is mainly caused by the large specific surface area and mesoporous structure, which are favorable for molecular diffusion and mass transfer. The kinetic analysis shows that the adsorption process follows pseudo-second-order kinetic process with chemisorption being the rate-controlling process. AZrO showed excellent separation performance in mixed solutions over a wide range of concentrations. After five cycles, AZrO retained over 73% of its capacity, indicating good stability. In mixed solutions containing up to 40 g·L^-1 of V(V) and 3 g·L^-1 of Cr(VI), the innovative adsorption process successfully achieved effective separation and purification. By an adsorption-desorption process using 0.1 mol·L^-1 NaOH, a 99.02% V(V)-rich solution was obtained from a high concentration sodium vanadium slag leaching solution, demonstrating its effectiveness for practical industrial applications.

As a pyrometallurgical process, circulating fluidized bed (CFB) roasting has good potential for application in desulfurization of high-sulfur bauxite. The gas-solid distribution and reaction during CFB roasting of high-sulfur bauxite were simulated using the computational particle fluid dynamics (CPFD) method. The effect of primary air flow velocity on particle velocity, particle volume distribution, furnace temperature distribution and pressure distribution were investigated. Under the condition of the same total flow of natural gas, the impact of the number of inlets on the desulfurization efficiency, atmosphere mass fraction distribution and temperature distribution in the furnace was further investigated.

In this study, a cleaner method for separation and recovery of V/W/Na in waste selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst alkaline leaching solution was proposed. The method involved membrane electrolysis followed by ion morphology pretreatment and solvent extraction. An acidic V(V)/W(VI) solution was obtained using the membrane electrolysis method without adding any other chemical reagents. In addition, Na was recovered in the form of NaOH by product, avoiding the generation of Na containing wastewater. The electrolysis parameters were investigated, the lowest power consumption of 3063 kW·h·t^-1 NaOH was obtained at a current density of 125 A·m^-2 and an initial NaOH concentration of 2 mol·L^-1. After electrolysis, oxalic acid was added to the acidic V/W containing solution, converting V(V) negative ion to V(IV) positive ion. Since W(VI) ion state remained in negative form, the generation of heteropolyacid ions (W_xV_yO_z^n-) was prevented. It was found that under the condition of oxalic acid addition/theoretical consumption 1.2 and reaction temperature 75 °C, 100% V(V) was converted to V(IV). Using 10% N263 + 10% n-octanol+80% sulfonated kerosene as extractant, the highest W(VI)/V(IV) separation coefficient of 7559.76 was obtained at pH = 1.8, O:A ratio = 1:1 and extraction time 15 min. With 2 mol·L^-1 NaOH as stripping reagent, the W stripping efficiency reached 98.50% at O:A ratio = 2:1 after 4-stages of stripping. The enrichment of V remained in the solution was realized using P204 as extractant and 20% (mass) H₂SO₄ as stripping reagent. The parameters of extraction/stripping process were investigated, using 10% P204 + 10% TBP+80% sulfonated kerosene as extractant, the V extraction efficiency reached 97.50% at O:A ratio = 1:2 after 4 stages of extraction. Using 20% H₂SO₄ as the stripping reagent, the V stripping efficiency was 98.30% at an O:A ratio of 4:1 after five stages of stripping. After the entire process, a high-purity VOSO₄ and Na₂WO₄ product solutions were obtained with V/W recovery efficiency 95.84%/98.50%, separately. This study examined a more effective and cleaner method for separating V/W/Na in Na₂WO₄/NaVO₃ solution, which may serve as a reference for the separation and recovery of V/W/Na in waste SCR catalysts.

The ratio of the pressure drop force to the drag force, C_P, is concerned for a non-closely fitting spherical particle settling along the central line in long rectangular tubes with different A_r (A_r is W/H, where W, H is length of the longer and shorter side of the rectangle respectively). Under Stokes flow conditions, C_P0 for an infinitely small sphere in long rectangular tubes and C_P for a sphere in a long channel between two parallel layered barriers are both calculated. Then C_P of a sphere settling in long rectangular tubes are conducted with the direct-forcing fictitious domain (DF/FD) method. At large Reynolds number, the sphere settles unstably with a fluctuating velocity and C_P. The fluctuation of C_P is much stronger than that of velocity and both fluctuations are stronger for less confined sphere. The influences of the particle Reynolds number (Re_p) on C_P is similar to the existing experimental results in long circular tubes. At low Re_p, C_P is a determined value and is calculated. For a given d/H (d sphere diameter), C_P gets its maximum value at one A_r in the range of [1, 1.5]. For a given A_r, C_P is a quadratic function of d/H similar to that in a circular tube, and parameters of the quadratic function are got by curve fitting from numerical data. The constant term coefficients got have almost no difference with C_P0 and are furtherly replaced by the latter to get new quadratic coefficients C_P1. Lastly, an algebraic correlation of C_P1 to A_r is developed. The predictions of C_P are good with a maximum relative error about 1.5% for a sphere with d/H not greater than 0.7, compared to numerical results.

The large molecular weight and high hydrophilicity of chloramphenicol (CAP) residuals in wastewater led to severe degradation difficulty, which propelled the development of new wastewater degradation processes and reactors based on process intensification. This study enhanced the CAP degradation by ozone/peroxydisulfate (PDS) advanced oxidation process in a submerged rotating packed bed (SRPB) reactor. Compared the usage of different oxidants, it was indicated that the combination of O₃ and PDS exhibited a higher degradation efficiency than ozone and PDS alone. The more desired degradation efficiency could be achieved at the operating conditions of ascending PDS concentration, SRPB rotational speed, ozone concentration, reduced initial CAP concentration, and the water qualities of ascended pH, lower Cl^- and initial CO₃^2-concentrations. Under the optimized conditions of C_CAP = 20 mg·L^-1, C_O3 = 30 mg·L^-1, C_PDS = 100 mg·L^-1, and N = 400 r·min^-1, and water qualities of pH = 10, the maximum chloramphenicol degradation efficiency of 97% and kinetic constant of 0.23 min^-1 were achieved after treating 16 min. A comparison of the results with previously reported advanced oxidation processes of CAP indicated that the enhanced O₃/PDS advanced oxidation system using the SRPB can significantly improve the degradation efficiency of CAP.

Process safety for synthesis of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) by tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) to react with H₂O₂ was studied in this paper. On-line Raman spectroscopy and gas chromatography jointed analysis method was researched to monitor and analyze the changes of each components during the process to study reaction mechanism. The reaction kinetics was reproduced by apparent thermodynamics study and simulation for whole process, and the kinetics model of TBHP synthesis was obtained and with the first reported. The process safety parameter of the maximum temperature of the synthesis reaction (MTSR) and yield were predicted by response surface methodology (RSM) method and go through experimental verification further. It was found that the sulfuric acid and the concentration of TBA had great influences to reaction selectivity and yield. According to our research results, we supposed that the mechanism of TBHP synthesis would be followed by SN₁+SN₂. Focus on process safety, process risk assessment was done and pipe reaction to optimize TBHP synthesis was developed to change the batch process to pipe continuously. The yield of TBHP was 91.1%, conversion of TBA was 93.1%, and the selectivity of TBHP was 97.8%. The process safety parameters of heat accumulation and MTSR decreased 40.5% and 37.7% respectively comparison of the pipe continuous reaction and batch process. This study will provide guidance for intrinsic safety improvement of peroxidation reactions.

Organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) is an efficient, low-energy and environmentally friendly phase-free separation process. Obviously, the core of OSN lies in the fabrication of solvent-resistant nanofiltration membranes. Although membrane materials reported in the literature such as 2D membranes, porous organic cages, etc. have the potential for ultra-high performance, polymeric membranes provide key advantages in mass production and processability. Therefore, this review focuses on polymeric materials for OSN. This review summarizes the recent progress of polymeric materials, including emerging and traditional polymeric membranes. Then, a summary of recent progress about strategies developed for perm-selective nanofilms are presented, followed by a brief overview of commercial membrane technology for OSN. Finally, major challenges of OSN and future research directions are presented. Close interaction between the academic research and practical application would help improve greener and more sustainable manufacturing processes.

Boron adsorbents with high adsorption capacities have long been a focus of research for a long time. This study used small molecular polyols with different hydroxyl groups as functional monomers and as end-capping agents, functional dendritic polyurethanes with nano structure were successfully prepared by one-pot method. The single molecule size and surface morphology were characterized by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and the molecular size in the dry state was 11 to 18 nm. The prepared materials were used as the boron adsorbents, and the effects of pH, time, boron solution concentration and temperature on the adsorption were studied. The results showed that the capacity of adsorbed boron could reach 110-130 mg·g^-1. Adsorption was a homogeneous monolayer adsorption controlled by chemisorption, and adsorption thermodynamics showed that was a spontaneous endothermic process. Adsorption behavior was best described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm. This study also showed that it was difficult for ortho/meta-hydroxyl groups to chelate with H₃BO₃ and other polyborates, and the chelates mainly had good chelating properties with B(OH)₄^-, and the chelates formed had large steric hindrance. At the same time, increasing the number of hydroxyl groups of functional monomers was beneficial to increase the adsorption capacity of materials. In addition, the cyclic adsorption/desorption experiments showed that DPUs have good cyclic stability. At the same time, the adsorption results of the original salt lake brine showed that other metal ions in the brine had little effect on the adsorption of boron, and the adsorption capacity was as high as 52.93 mg·g^-1, and the maximum adsorption capacity was obtained by Adams-Bohart model to 58.80 mg·g^-1. The outstanding selectivity and adsorption capacity of these materials have broad potential application, and are expected to be used for the efficient adsorption and removal in boron-containing water bodies.

The migration/transformation characteristics of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the co-liquefaction of pig manure and rice straw/wood sawdust were explored in this study. More than 87% of the heavy metals in feedstocks were enriched in hydrochars. The decreased proportion of active heavy metals in the hydrochars suggested partial passivation of the heavy metals. The pollution degree and risk of heavy metals were significantly mitigated from high and considerable levels in pig manure to moderate and low levels in hydrochar, respectively. Compared with commercial diesel, bio-oil products still contained an undesirable amount of heavy metals. PAHs were re-synthesized during liquefaction, with a net synthesis amount of 29.65-73.98 mg·kg^-1. Moreover, the PAHs mainly existed in bio-oils, with a content of 57.32-132.33 mg·kg^-1 and a toxicity equivalent of 3.25-8.19 mg·kg^-1. Compared to pig manure, the hydrochars presented a lower content of PAHs (1.76-3.53 mg·kg^-1 versus 3.73 mg·kg^-1) and a smaller toxicity equivalent (0.14-0.22 mg·kg^-1 versus 0.26 mg·kg^-1). Interestingly, introducing lignocellulose (especially for rice straw) during the liquefaction of pig manure further mitigated the pollution degree/risk of heavy metals and PAHs. Overall, hydrochar reached a safe utilization level, while bio-oil products needed further clarification.

Normally, a transparent inert film is coated on the surface of TiO₂ particles to enhance the weatherability of the pigment. Liquid-phase coating process is mainly used in industry, which difficult to get really uniform films. This work combining nanoparticle fluidization technology with atomic layer deposition (ALD) technology to achieve precise surface modification of a large number of micro-nano particles. First, we explored the fluidization characteristics of TiO₂ nanoparticles in a home-made atmospheric fluidized bed ALD reactor (FB-ALD) to ensure the uniform fluidization of a large number of nanoparticles. Then TiCl₄ and H₂O were used as precursors to deposit amorphous TiO₂ films on the surface of TiO₂ nanoparticles at 80 °C under atmospheric pressure, and the growth per cycle was about 0.109 nm per cycle. After 30 ALD cycles, the film thickness was about 3.1 nm, which could almost fully suppress the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂. Compared with other traditional coating materials, amorphous TiO₂ has higher light refractive index, and realizes the suppression of the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ without introducing other substances, demonstrating greater application potential in TiO₂ pigment coating field. The process is a gas-phase coating method, which is efficient, no waste water, and easy to scale up. This work shown the excellent property of interface engineering in improving pigment weatherability and can also provide guidance for the nanoparticle surface modification.

A cryogenic visible calibration and image evaluation facility (VCCIEF) was constructed to assess the effectiveness of electrical capacitance tomography systems in cryogenic conditions, known as Cryo-ECT. This facility was utilized to conduct dynamic, real-time imaging trials with liquid nitrogen (LN2). The actual flow patterns were captured using a camera and contrasted with the imaging outcomes. The capacitance data collected from these experiments were subsequently processed using three distinct methods: linear back projection, Landweber iteration, a fully connected deep neural network, and a convolutional neural network. This allowed for a comparative analysis of the performance of these algorithms in practical scenarios. The findings from the LN2 experiments demonstrated that the Cryo-ECT system, when integrated with the VCCIEF, was capable of successfully executing calibration, generating flow patterns, and performing imaging tasks. The system provided observable, clear, and precise phase distributions of the liquid nitrogen-vaporous nitrogenflow within the pipeline.

How to achieve low energy consumption and high degradation efficiency (DRE) under mild conditions is an important issue in the field of sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆) treatment. In this work, a new route of SF₆ degradation promoted by Ni-doped ceria (NiO-CeO₂) in a packed bed dielectric barrier discharge (PB-DBD) was proposed. The effects of Ni/Ce molar ratio, input power, SF₆ concentration and flow rate on the DRE of SF₆ were investigated. Compared with DBD or CeO₂-DBD alone, the combination of DBD and NiO-CeO₂ can significantly promote the SF₆ degradation at lower input power. The experimental results show that when the dosage of catalyst 1.5NiO-CeO₂ (Ni/Ce mole ratio is 1.5%) is 5 g, DBD input power is 50 W and SF₆ (1.5% SF₆/98.5% Ar) flow rate is 100 ml·min^-1, the highest DRE can reach 97.7% and the energy yield can reach 11.5 g·(kW·h)^-1. Adjusting the catalyst dosage according to the flux of SF₆ (e.g., using 10 g catalyst to degrade SF₆ with a concentration of 1.5% and a flow rate of 80 ml·min^-1), the DRE of nearly 99% can be achieved for a long time, which is crucial for industrial application. The mechanism deduction shows that the rich surface and mesopores of the catalyst are beneficial to the adsorption of SF₆ and intermediates, while the doping of Ni can significantly increase the content of oxygen vacancies to improve the degradation. Meanwhile, when NiO-CeO₂ is activated by DBD, the free O· can further promote the degradation. It is this coupling effect that leads to the high efficiency and low energy consumption of SF₆ degradation under mild conditions. It can be expected that this coupling technology route will have a good application prospect in the field of SF₆ treatment.

Sodium is an important light non-ferrous metal with special properties and is widely applied in various fields of pharmaceutical intermediates, airbags metallurgy and nuclear coolants. However, the high energy consumption, low current efficiency of the sodium industry, coupled with the substantial sodium slag byproduct and inefficient sodium slag recovery technology, have greatly hindered the further development of the metallic sodium industry. Although many research papers and new patents continue to emerge, there are very few reviews on the preparation of metallic sodium and the disposal of sodium slag which affects the exchange and development of new technologies in the sodium industry. Herein, this review summarizes the progress in sodium production technology and sodium slag recovery. Based on the ion migration mechanism and the competition discharge mechanism of different cations, constructing suitable electrolyte components containing sodium and selecting appropriate membrane materials can significantly improve current efficiency and reduce the reduction of impurity metals, while sodium slag recovery methods like mechanical separation, solvent leaching, and melting substitution have been developed, enabling the recycling of valuable components. Furthermore, this review explores sodium applications in energy storage, inorganic/organic synthesis, metal smelting, and nuclear reactors. It emphasizes the need for further technological advancements to address energy efficiency, slag recovery, and chlorine gas utilization challenges in sodium production.

Lead (Pb) is a toxic metal found in wastewater, posing significant health risks to both humans and the environment. This study aimed to develop a novel adsorbent for lead removal from aqueous solutions. This adsorbent, a coffee husk extract-capped magnetite with pumice silica nanocomposite (CHE-capped M/PU/Si-NC), was synthesized using a completely green approach. The novelty of this study lies in the green synthesis of silica nanoparticles (SiO₂-NPs) throughout the process. Coffee husk extract (CHE) served as both a stabilizing and capping agent for the SiO₂-NPs, which were synthesized from sodium silicate (Na₂SiO₃) extracted from bagasse ash (BA). Subsequently, the CHE-capped silica was co-precipitated with phyto-fabricated magnetite and integrated into a pumice matrix to produce the final CHE-capped M/PU/Si-NC adsorbent. The CHE-capped M/PU/Si-NC was characterized using SEM, XRF, FTIR, BET, XRD, TGA, and zeta potential analysis. The surface area of the CHE-capped M/PU/Si-NC was determined to be 313 m²·g^-1, and TGA results indicated good thermal stability up to 690 °C. The zeta potential was measured at -37.7 mV. XRD analysis of CHE-capped M/PU/Si-NC confirmed the formation of magnetite and revealed its crystal structure. The maximum adsorption performance of this material was observed to be 95% at an adsorbent dosage of 2 g·L^-1 and an initial Pb²⁺ concentration of 100 g·L^-1. The adsorption kinetics were best described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The Langmuir isotherm provided a good fit with a maximum adsorption capacity of 150 mg·g^-1 (R² = 0.99). Regeneration studies demonstrated that the adsorbent maintained its high Pb²⁺ uptake capacity for up to five cycles. Overall, these findings suggest that this adsorbent is a promising candidate for the removal of Pb²⁺ from water and wastewater.

Isobaric molar heat capacity affected by pressures for non-ideal gases is calculated theoretically at specified temperatures by means of gaseous equations of state, i.e. Redlish-Kwong (RK) Equation, Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) Equation, Peng-Robinson (PR) Equation, Virial Equation, coupled with Romberg numeric integral via solving the key obstacle (∂V/∂T)_p, and integral (∂²V/∂T²)_p. As an example, methane's C_p is calculated at constant 300 K but 1 MPa & 10 MPa. The calculation results show that less than 2% relative errors occur in comparison with literature values at any specified temperatures and pressures if no phase change survives at elevated pressure P₂ and temperature T, or when specified temperatures are greater than critical temperatures in spite of elevated pressures. However, greater errors would be present if gases were considered to be ideal, or if temperatures are lower than critical temperatures at elevated pressures (>10 MPa), because C_p is the function of both temperature and pressure. In particular, elevated pressures have significant effect on C_p.