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本期目录
2013年 第21卷 第2期 刊出日期:2013-02-28
上一期
下一期
材料与产品工程
ZrO
2
/PMMA Nanocomposites: Preparation and Its Dispersion in Polymer Matrix
范方强, 夏正斌, 李清英, 李忠, 陈焕钦
Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2013, 21(2): 113-120. doi:
10.1016/S1004-9541(13)60448-6
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多维度评价
ZrO
2
/PMMA nanocomposite particles are synthesized through an
in-situ
free radical emulsion polymerization based on the silane coupling agent (Z-6030) modified ZrO
2
nanoparticles, and the morphology, size and its distribution of nanocomposite particles are investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images demonstrate that the methyl methacrylate (MMA) feeding rate has a significant effect on the particle size and morphology. When the MMA feeding rate decreases from 0.42 ml·min
-1
to 0.08 ml·min
-1
, large particles (about 200-550 nm) will not form, and the size distribution become narrow (36-54 nm). The average nanocomposite particles size increases from 34 nm to 55 nm, as the MMA/ZrO
2
nanoparticles mass ratio increased from 4︰1 to 16︰1. Regular spherical ZrO
2
/PMMA nanocomposite particles are synthesized when the emulsifier OP-10 concentration is 2 mg·ml
-1
. The nanocomposite particles could be mixed with VAc-VeoVa10 polymer matrix just by magnetic stirring to prepare the ZrO
2
/PMMA/VAc-VeoVa10 hybrid coatings. SEM and atomic force microscopy (AFM) photos reveal that the distribution of the ZrO
2
/PMMA nanocomposite particles in the VAc-VeoVa10 polymer matrix is homogenous and stable. Here, the grafted-PMMA polymer on ZrO
2
nanoparticles plays as a bridge which effectively connects the ZrO
2
nanoparticles and the VAc-VeoVa10 polymer matrix with improved comparability. In consequence, the hybrid coating with good dispersion stability is obtained.
Preparation of Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles with a Continuous Gas-liquid Membrane Contactor: Particles Morphology and Membrane Fouling
贾志谦, 常青, 秦晋, 阿伊努尔·买买提
Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2013, 21(2): 121-126. doi:
10.1016/S1004-9541(13)60449-8
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Nanosized calcium carbonate particles were prepared with a continuous gas-liquid membrane contactor. The effects of Ca(OH)
2
concentration, CO
2
pressure and liquid flow velocity on the particles morphology, pressure drop and membrane fouling were studied. With rising Ca(OH)
2
concentrations, the average size of the particles increased. The effects of Ca(OH)
2
concentration and CO
2
pressure on particles were not apparent under the experimental conditions. When the Ca(OH)
2
concentration and liquid flow velocity were high, or the CO
2
pressure was low, the fouling on the membrane external surface at the contactor entrance was serious due to liquid leakage, whereas the fouling was slight at exit. The fouling on the membrane inner-surface at entrance was apparent due to adsorption of raw materials. The membrane can be recovered by washing with dilute hydrochloric acid and reused for at least 6 times without performance deterioration.
催化、动力学与反应工程
Investigation into Syngas Generation from Solid Fuel Using CaSO
4
-based Chemical Looping Gasification Process
刘永卓, 郭庆杰
Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2013, 21(2): 127-134. doi:
10.1016/S1004-9541(13)60450-4
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Chemical-looping gasification (CLG) is a novel process for syngas generation from solid fuels, sharing the same basic principles as chemical-looping combustion (CLC). It also uses oxygen carriers (mainly metal oxide and calcium sulfate) to transfer heat and oxygen to the fuel. In this paper, the primary investigation into the CLG process with CaSO
4
as oxygen carrier was carried out by thermodynamic analysis and experiments in the tube reactor. Sulfur-contained gas emission was mainly H
2
S rather than SO
2
in the CLG process, showing some different features from the CLC. The mass and heat balance of CLG processes were calculated thermodynamically to determinate the auto-thermal operating conditions with different CaSO
4
/C and steam/C molar ratios. It was found that the CaSO
4
/C molar ratio should be higher than 0.2 to reach auto-thermal balance. The effect of temperature on the reactions between oxygen carrier and coal was investigated based on Gibbs free energy minimum method and experimental results. It indicated that high temperature favored the CLG process in the fuel reactor and part of syngas was consumed to compensate for auto-thermal system.
流体力学与传递现象
Enhancement of CO
2
Absorption under Taylor Flow in the Presence of Fine Particles
蔡旺锋, 张娇, 张旭斌, 王燕, 齐向娟
Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2013, 21(2): 135-143. doi:
10.1016/S1004-9541(13)60451-6
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The physical absorption of CO
2
in water containing different types of particles was studied in a microchannel operated under Taylor flow. The maximum enhancement factors of 1.43-2.15 were measured for activated carbon (AcC) particles. The analysis shows that the enhancement effect can be attributed to the shuttle mechanism. Considering the separate contributions of mass transfer from bubble cap and liquid film, a heterogeneous enhancement model is developed. According to this model, the enhancement factors
E
Cap
,
E
Film
and
E
Ov
are mainly determined by mass transfer coefficient
K
L
(
K
L,Cap
and
K
L,Film
), adsorptive capacity of particles
m
, and coverage fraction of particles at gas-liquid interface
ζ
. With both effects of particle-to-interface adhesion and apparent viscosity included, the model predicts the enhancement effect of AcC particles reasonably well.
过程系统工程与过程安全
A Hybrid Improved Genetic Algorithm and Its Application in Dynamic Optimization Problems of Chemical Processes
孙帆, 杜文莉, 祁荣宾, 钱锋, 钟伟民
Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2013, 21(2): 144-154. doi:
10.1016/S1004-9541(13)60452-8
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The solutions of dynamic optimization problems are usually very difficult due to their highly nonlinear and multidimensional nature. Genetic algorithm (GA) has been proved to be a feasible method when the gradient is difficult to calculate. Its advantage is that the control profiles at all time stages are optimized simultaneously, but its convergence is very slow in the later period of evolution and it is easily trapped in the local optimum. In this study, a hybrid improved genetic algorithm (HIGA) for solving dynamic optimization problems is proposed to overcome these defects. Simplex method (SM) is used to perform the local search in the neighborhood of the optimal solution. By using SM, the ideal searching direction of global optimal solution could be found as soon as possible and the convergence speed of the algorithm is improved. The hybrid algorithm presents some improvements, such as protecting the best individual, accepting immigrations, as well as employing adaptive crossover and Gaussian mutation operators. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by solving several dynamic optimization problems. At last, HIGA is applied to the optimal production of secreted protein in a fed batch reactor and the optimal feed-rate found by HIGA is effective and relatively stable.
Hybrid Differential Evolution for Estimation of Kinetic Parameters for Biochemical Systems
赵超, 许巧玲, 林思铭, 李学来
Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2013, 21(2): 155-162. doi:
10.1016/S1004-9541(13)60453-X
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Determination of the optimal model parameters for biochemical systems is a time consuming iterative process. In this study, a novel hybrid differential evolution (DE) algorithm based on the differential evolution technique and a local search strategy is developed for solving kinetic parameter estimation problems. By combining the merits of DE with Gauss-Newton method, the proposed hybrid approach employs a DE algorithm for identifying promising regions of the solution space followed by use of Gauss-Newton method to determine the optimum in the identified regions. Some well-known benchmark estimation problems are utilized to test the efficiency and the robustness of the proposed algorithm compared to other methods in literature. The comparison indicates that the present hybrid algorithm outperforms other estimation techniques in terms of the global searching ability and the convergence speed. Additionally, the estimation of kinetic model parameters for a feed batch fermentor is carried out to test the applicability of the proposed algorithm. The result suggests that the method can be used to estimate suitable values of model parameters for a complex mathematical model.
Sparse Kernel Locality Preserving Projection and Its Application in Nonlinear Process Fault Detection
邓晓刚, 田学民
Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2013, 21(2): 163-170. doi:
10.1016/S1004-9541(13)60454-1
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(369KB) (
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Locality preserving projection (LPP) is a newly emerging fault detection method which can discover local manifold structure of a data set to be analyzed, but its linear assumption may lead to monitoring performance degradation for complicated nonlinear industrial processes. In this paper, an improved LPP method, referred to as sparse kernel locality preserving projection (SKLPP) is proposed for nonlinear process fault detection. Based on the LPP model, kernel trick is applied to construct nonlinear kernel model. Furthermore, for reducing the computational complexity of kernel model, feature samples selection technique is adopted to make the kernel LPP model sparse. Lastly, two monitoring statistics of SKLPP model are built to detect process faults. Simulations on a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) system show that SKLPP is more effective than LPP in terms of fault detection performance.
化工热力学
Isobaric Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium of Binary Systems:
p
-Xylene+ (Acetic Acid, Methyl Acetate and
n
-Propyl Acetate) and Methyl Acetate+
n
-Propyl Acetate in an Acetic Acid Dehydration Process
黄秀辉, 钟伟民, 彭昌军, 钱锋
Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2013, 21(2): 171-176. doi:
10.1016/S1004-9541(13)60455-3
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The vapor-liquid equilibrium data of four binary systems (acetic acid+
p
-xylene, methyl acetate+
n
-propyl acetate,
n
-propyl acetate+
p
-xylene and methyl acetate+
p
-xylene) are measured at 101.33 kPa with Ellis equilibrium still, and then both the NRTL and UNIQUAC models are used in combination with the HOC model for correlating and estimating the vapor-liquid equilibrium of these four binary systems. The estimated binary VLE results using correlated parameters agree well with the measured data except the methyl acetate+
p
-xylene system which easily causes bumping and liquid rushing out of the sampling tap due to their dramatically different boiling points. The correlation results by NRTL and UNIQUAC models have little difference on the average absolute deviations of temperature and composition of vapor phase, and the results by NRTL model are slightly better than those by UNIQUAC model except for the methyl acetate+
n
-propyl acetate system, for which the latter gives more accurate correlations.
生物技术与生物工程
Conformation and Orientation of Phospholipid Molecule in Pure Phospholipid Monolayer During Compressing
薛为岚, 王丹, 曾作祥, 高雪超
Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2013, 21(2): 177-184. doi:
10.1016/S1004-9541(13)60456-5
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On the basis of energy conservation law and surface pressure isotherm, the conformation energy changes of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG) in pure phospholipid monolayer at the air/water interface during compression are derived. The optimized conformations of phospholipids at absolute freedom state are simulated by Gaussian 98 software. Based on following assumptions: (1) the conformation energy change is mainly caused by the rotation of one special bond; (2) the atoms of glycerol near the water surface are active; (3) the rotation is motivated by hydrogen-bond action; (4) the rotation of bond is inertial, one simplified track of conformational change is suggested and the conformations of DPPC and DPPG at different states are determined by the plots of conformation energy change
vs
. dihedral angle. The thickness of the simulated phospholipid monolayer is consistent with published experimental result. According to molecular areas at different states, the molecular orientations in the compressing process are also developed.
Optimization of DsbA Purification from Recombinant
Escherichia coli
Broth Using Box-Behnken Design Methodology
罗曼, 关怡新, 姚善泾
Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2013, 21(2): 185-191. doi:
10.1016/S1004-9541(13)60457-7
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Disulfide bond formation protein A (DsbA) is one of the important helper proteins for folding in protein synthesis
in vivo
. In this study, purification of recombinant DsbA was investigated by examining four important factors with Box-Behnken design method, a statistic-based design of experiments. The optimal operation conditions were obtained by adopting the effectiveness coefficient method on the multi-objective problem, which takes the protein recovery, purification efficiency and throughput of ion-exchange chromatography into account. After the optimization, protein recovery of 96.8% and purity higher than 95% DsbA was achieved, and the productivity was (377.9?1.7) mg soluble DsbA per liter broth. The purified protein was identified by peptide mass fingerprinting matching the record of gi|2624856, a mutant of DsbA. The DsbA was preliminarily applied to the refolding of denatured lysozyme
in vitro
.
能源、资源与环境技术
A Modified Oxidation Ditch with Additional Internal Anoxic Zones for Enhanced Biological Nutrient Removal
刘巍, 杨殿海, 徐立, 沈昌明
Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2013, 21(2): 192-198. doi:
10.1016/S1004-9541(13)60458-9
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A novel modified pilot scale anaerobic oxidation ditch with additional internal anoxic zones was operated experimentally, aiming to study the improvement of biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal and the effect of enhanced denitrifying phosphorus removal in the process. Under all experimental conditions, the anaerobic-oxidation ditch with additional internal anoxic zones and an internal recycle ratio of 200% had the highest nutrient removal efficiency. The effluent NH
4
+
-N, total nitrogen (TN), PO
4
3-
-P and total phosphorus (TP) contents were 1.2 mg·
-1
, 13 mg·
-1
, 0.3 mg·
-1
and 0.4 mg·
-1
, respectively, all met the discharge standards in China. The TN and TP removal efficiencies were remarkably improved from 37% and 50% to 65% and 88% with the presence of additional internal anoxic zones and internal recycle ratio of 200%. The results indicated that additional internal anoxic zones can optimize the utilization of available carbon source from the anaerobic outflow for denitrification. It was also found that phosphorus removal
via
the denitrification process was stimulated in the additional internal anoxic zones, which was beneficial for biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal when treating wastewater with a limited carbon source. However, an excess internal recycle would cause nitrite to accumulate in the system. This seems to be harmful to biological phosphorus removal.
Carbon Dioxide Captured from Flue Gas by Modified Ca-based Sorbents in Fixed-bed Reactor at High Temperature
杨磊, 于宏兵, 王胜强, 王浩闻, 周奇彬
Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2013, 21(2): 199-204. doi:
10.1016/S1004-9541(13)60459-0
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Four kinds of Ca-based sorbents were prepared by calcination and hydration reactions using different precursors: calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, calcium acetate monohydrate and calcium oxide. The CO
2
absorption capacity of those sorbents was investigated in a fixed-bed reactor in the temperature range of 350-650 ℃. It was found that all of those sorbents showed higher capacity for CO
2
absorption when the operating temperature higher than 450 ℃. The CaAc
2
-CaO sorbent showed the highest CO
2
absorption capacity of 299 mg·g
-1
. The morphology of those sorbents was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the changes of composition before and after carbonation were also determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results indicated that those sorbents have the similar chemical compositions and crystalline phases before carbonation reaction [mainly Ca(OH)
2
], and CaCO
3
is the main component after carbonation reaction. The SEM morphology shows clearly that the sorbent pores were filled with reaction products after carbonation reaction, and became much denser than before. The N
2
adsorption-desorption isotherms indicated that the CaAc
2
-CaO and CaCO
3
-CaO sorbents have higher specific surface area, larger pore volume and appropriate pore size distribution than that of CaO-CaO and Ca(OH)
2
-CaO.
综述
Progress on Porous Ceramic Membrane Reactors for Heterogeneous Catalysis over Ultrafine and Nano-sized Catalysts
姜红, 孟烈, 陈日志, 金万勤, 邢卫红, 徐南平
Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2013, 21(2): 205-215. doi:
10.1016/S1004-9541(13)60460-7
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Heterogeneous catalysts with ultrafine or nano particle size have currently attracted considerable attentions in the chemical and petrochemical production processes, but their large-scale applications remain challenging because of difficulties associated with their efficient separation from the reaction slurry. A porous ceramic membrane reactor has emerged as a promising method to solve the problem concerning catalysts separation in situ from the reaction mixture and make the production process continuous in heterogeneous catalysis. This article presents a review of the present progress on porous ceramic membrane reactors for heterogeneous catalysis, which covers classification of configurations of porous ceramic membrane reactor, major considerations and some important industrial applications. A special emphasis is paid to major considerations in term of application-oriented ceramic membrane design, optimization of ceramic membrane reactor performance and membrane fouling mechanism. Finally, brief concluding remarks on porous ceramic membrane reactors are given and possible future research interests are also outlined.
Process Control and Optimization for Heterologous Protein Production by Methylotrophic
Pichia pastoris
高敏杰, 史仲平
Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2013, 21(2): 216-226. doi:
10.1016/S1004-9541(13)60461-9
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多维度评价
The methylotrophic yeast
Pichia pastoris
is a highly successful system for production of a variety of heterologous proteins due to its unique features/abilities for effective protein expression, and tremendous efforts have been made to increase heterologous protein productivity by
P. pastoris
in recent years. When new engineered yeast strains are constructed and are ready to use for industrial protein production, process control and optimization techniques should be applied to improve the fermentation performance in the following aspects: (1) increase recombinant cell concentrations in fermentor to high density during growth phase; (2) effectively induce heterologous proteins by enhancing/stabilizing titers or concentrations of the proteins during induction phase; (3) decrease operation costs by relieving the working loads of heat-exchange and oxygen supply. This article reviews and discusses the key and commonly used techniques in heterologous protein production by
P. pastoris
, with the focus on optimizations of fermentation media and basic operation conditions, development of optimal glycerol feeding strategies for achieving high density cultivation of
P. pastoris
and effective heterologous protein induction methods by regulating specific growth rate, methanol concentration, temperatures, mixture ratio of multi-carbon substrates,
etc
. Metabolic analysis for recombinant protein production by
P. pastoris
is also introduced to interpret the mechanism of sub-optimal heterologous protein production and to explore further optimal expression methods.
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1982年创刊 月刊
主编:费维扬
执行主编:骆广生
主管:中国科学技术协会
主办:中国化工学会/化学工业出版社有限公司
ISSN: 1004-9541
CN: 11-3270/TQ
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