In the extraction of potassium from salt lakes, Mg is abundant in the form of bischofite (MgCl₂·6H₂O), which is not utilized effectively, resulting in the waste of resources and environmental pressure. Anhydrous MgCl₂ prepared by the dehydration of bischofite is a high-quality raw material for the production of Mg. However, direct calcination of MgCl₂·6H₂O in industrial dehydration processes leads to a large amount of hydrolysis. The by-products are harmful to the electrolysis process of Mg, causing problems such as sludge formation, low current efficiency, and corrosion in the electrodes. To obtain high-purity anhydrous MgCl₂, different advanced dehydration processes have been proposed. In this review, we focus on the recent progress of the dehydration process. Firstly, we discuss the molecular structure of MgCl₂·6H₂O and explain the reason why much hydrolysis occurs in dehydration. Secondly, we introduce the specific dehydration processes, mainly divided into direct dehydration processes and indirect dehydration processes. The direct dehydration processes are classified into gas protection heating and molecular sieve dehydration process. Indirect dehydration processes are classified into thermal dehydration of ammonium carnallite (NH₄Cl·MgCl₂·6H₂O), thermal dehydration of potassium carnallite (KCl·MgCl₂·6H₂O), thermal decomposition of the [HAE]Cl·MgCl₂·6H₂O, organic solvent distillation, ionic liquid dehydration process and ammonia complexation process. In the meanwhile, purity of anhydrous MgCl₂ of each dehydration process, as well as the advantages and disadvantages, is discussed. The characteristics of different processes with a simple economic budget are also given in this paper. Finally, the main challenges are evaluated with suggested directions in the future, aiming to guide the synthesis of high-purity anhydrous MgCl₂.

In order to analysis the oxygen distribution in the adsorption bed during the hydrogen purification process from oxygen-containing feed gas and the safety of device operation, this article established a non-isothermal model for the pressure swing adsorption (PSA) separation process of 4-component (H₂/O₂/N₂/CH₄), and adopted a composite adsorption bed of activated carbon and molecular sieve. In this article, the oxygen distribution in the adsorption bed under different feed gas oxygen contents, different adsorption pressures, and different product hydrogen purity was studied for both vacuuming process and purging process. The study shows that during the process from the end of adsorption to the end of providing purging, the peak value of oxygen concentration in the adsorption bed gradually increases, with the highest value exceeding 30 times the oxygen content of the feed gas. Moreover, the concentration multiplier of oxygen in the adsorption bed increases with the increase of the adsorption pressure, decreases with the increase of the oxygen content in the feed gas, and increases with the decrease of the hydrogen product purity. When the oxygen content in the feed gas reaches 0.3% (vol), the peak value of oxygen concentration in the adsorption bed exceeds 10% (vol), which will make the front part of the oxygen concentration peak fall in an explosion limit range. As the decrease of product hydrogen content, the oxygen concentration peak in the adsorption bed will gradually move forward to the adsorption bed outlet, and even penetrate through the adsorption bed. And during the process of the oxygen concentration peak moving forward, the oxygen will enter the pipeline at the outlet of the adsorption bed, which will make the pipeline space of high-speed gas flow into an explosion range, bringing great risk to the device. The preferred option for safe operation of PSA for hydrogen purification from oxygen-containing feed gas is to deoxygenate the feed gas. When deoxygenation is not available, a lower adsorption pressure and a higher product hydrogen purity (greater than or equal to 99.9% (vol)) can be used to avoid the gas in the adsorption bed outlet pipeline being in the explosion range.

Lignin has been proved to be a promising precursor for producing carbon foam. The thermal and chemistry properties of lignin during its thermal conversion make it quite unique comparing with other precursors, and the conversion parameters can clearly affect the properties of the derived products. Therefore, this study systematically investigated the effects of key carbonization parameters on the properties of the resulting carbon foam materials. The findings demonstrate that the performance of the self-shaping lignin-derived carbon foam is simultaneously influenced by the factors that carbonization temperature, heating rate, and carbonization duration. Specifically, the carbonization temperature and carbonization duration have a significant impact on the mechanical performance, where higher temperatures and long carbonization time improve compressive strength and specific strength. Moreover, the data revealed that elevated temperatures, rapid heating rates, and shortened carbonization periods collectively promoted the development of higher porosities and larger pore diameters within the carbon foam structure. Conversely, lower carbonization temperatures, slower heating rates, and extended carbonization durations facilitated the formation of microporous in the carbon foam. This study provides a scientific foundation for optimizing the production of lignin-derived carbon foam with tailored properties and performance characteristics.

Bubble breakup at T-junction microchannels is the basis for the numbering-up of gas-liquid two-phase flow in parallelized microchannels. This article presents the bubble breakup in viscous liquids at a microfluidic T-junction. Nitrogen is used as the gas phase, and glycerol-water mixtures with different mass concentration of glycerol as the liquid phase. The evolution of the gas-liquid interface during bubble breakup at the microfluidic T-junction is explored. The thinning of the bubble neck includes the squeezing stage and the rapid pinch-off stage. In the squeezing stage, the power law relation is found between the minimum width of the bubble neck and the time, and the values of exponents α₁ and α₂ are influenced by the viscous force. The values of pre-factors m₁ and m₂ are negatively correlated with the capillary number. In the rapid pinch-off stage, the thinning of the bubble neck is predominated by the surface tension, and the minimum width of the bubble neck can be scaled with the remaining time as power-law. The propagation of the bubble tip can be characterized by the power law between the movement distance and the time, with decreasing exponent as increased liquid viscosity.

Molten salt gasification is a promising technology for biomass conversion due to its advantages of superior heat transfer and the ability of utilizing solar energy to reduce carbon emission. In this study, the characteristics of corncob CO₂-gasification in molten salt environments is thoroughly investigated, and the approach of introducing Fe₂O₃ as catalyst to enhance the syngas yield is proposed. The results showed that the molten salts significantly promoted the conversion of corncob into gaseous products with very low tar and char yield. Compared to O₂ and H₂O atmospheres, utilizing CO₂ as gasifying agent enhanced the yield of gaseous products during the corncob gasification, especially the yields of CO and H₂. The introduction of Fe₂O₃ as a catalyst could further increase the yield of gaseous products and the cold gas efficiency (CGE), and the yield of syngas was increased into 2258.3 ml·g^-1 with a high CGE of 105.8% in 900 ℃. The findings evidenced that CO₂ gasification in the molten salt environment with Fe₂O₃ addition can promote the cracking of tar, increasing the syngas yield significantly. Moreover, the energy required to drive the gasification process was calculated, and the total energy consumption was calculated as 16.83 GJ·t^-1. The study opened up a new solution for the biomass gasification, exhibiting a great potential in distributed energy or chemical systems.

The dynamics of vapor-liquid-solid (V-L-S) flow boiling in fluidized bed evaporators exhibit inherent complexity and chaotic behavior, hindering accurate prediction of pressure drop signals. To address this challenge, this study proposes an innovative hybrid approach that integrates wavelet neural network (WNN) with chaos analysis. By leveraging the Cross-Correlation (C-C) method, the minimum embedding dimension for phase space reconstruction is systematically calculated and then adopted as the input node configuration for the WNN. Simulation results demonstrate the remarkable effectiveness of this integrated method in predicting pressure drop signals, advancing our understanding of the intricate dynamic phenomena occurring with V-L-S fluidized bed evaporators. Moreover, this study offers a novel perspective on applying advanced data-driven techniques to handle the complexities of multi-phase flow systems and highlights the potential for improved operational prediction and control in industrial settings.

Optimizing chemical reaction parameters is an expensive optimization problem. Each experiment takes a long time and the raw materials are expensive. High-throughput methods combined with the parallel Efficient Global Optimization algorithm can effectively improve the efficiency of the search for optimal chemical reaction parameters. In this paper, we propose a multi-objective populated expectation improvement criterion for providing multiple near-optimal solutions in high-throughput chemical reaction optimization. An l-NSGA2, employing the Pseudo-power transformation method, is utilized to maximize the expected improvement acquisition function, resulting in a Pareto solution set comprising multiple designs. The approximation of the cost function can be calculated by the ensemble Gaussian process model, which greatly reduces the cost of the exact Gaussian process model. The proposed optimization method was tested on a S_NAr benchmark problem. The results show that compared with the previous high-throughput experimental methods, our method can reduce the number of experiments by almost half. At the same time, it theoretically enhances temporal and spatial yields while minimizing by-product formation, potentially guiding real chemical reaction optimization.

The enrichment of low-grade phosphate rock is an important process to realize sustainable support of phosphorus resources. An aqueous solution containing Ca(NO₃)₂ and Mg(NO₃)₂ is produced during the enrichment of low-grade phosphate rock by leaching of HNO₃ or calcination coupling with leaching of NH₄NO₃ solution. Preparation liquid fertilizer is a preferential way to utilize it. The liquid-solid phase diagrams of Ca(NO₃)₂-Mg(NO₃)₂-H₂O, KNO₃-Mg(NO₃)₂-H₂O, KNO₃-Ca(NO₃)₂-H₂O and KNO₃-Ca(NO₃)₂-Mg(NO₃)₂-H₂O systems at 313.15 K were studied by isothermal dissolution equilibrium method. Two crystallization regions of Ca(NO₃)₂·4H₂O and Mg(NO₃)₂·6H₂O were observed in the phase diagram of the ternary system Ca(NO₃)₂-Mg(NO₃)₂-H₂O, a liquid fertilizer with a maximal total nutrient content of 27.46% and a nutrients ratio of N:Ca:Mg = 8.40:10.37:1 can be formed. A homogenous solution can be formed by mixing Ca(NO₃)₂·4H₂O and Mg(NO₃)₂·6H₂O. In the ternary system KNO₃-Mg(NO₃)₂-H₂O, the crystallization regions of KNO₃, Mg(NO₃)₂·6H₂O and the co-crystallization region of KNO₃ and Mg(NO₃)₂·6H₂O were observed. The obtained maximal total nutrient content of liquid fertilizer is 23.32% with the ratio of N:K₂O = 1:3.39. In the ternary system KNO₃-Ca(NO₃)₂-H₂O, the crystallization regions of Ca(NO₃)₂·4H₂O and KNO₃ were observed. The obtained maximal total nutrient content of liquid fertilizer is 38.41% with the ratio of N:K₂O:Ca = 1.05:1.18:1. A homogenous solution can also be formed by mixing Ca(NO₃)₂·4H₂O and KNO₃ directly. In the quaternary system KNO₃-Ca(NO₃)₂-Mg(NO₃)₂-H₂O, the crystallization regions of Ca(NO₃)₂·4H₂O, Mg(NO₃)₂·6H₂O and KNO₃ and the co-crystallization region of KNO₃ and Mg(NO₃)₂·6H₂O were observed. The obtained maximal total nutrient content of liquid fertilizer is 38.41% with the ratio of N:K₂O:Ca = 1.05:1.18:1. The modified BET model was successfully used to fit the solubility curves. The results can provide a guidance for the formulation of water-soluble fertilizers of N-(K, Ca, Mg).

Millimeter channel reactors (MCRs) have received increasing attention because of their ability to enhance treatment capacity in addition to the advantages of microchannels. In previous studies, less work has been conducted on the micromixing process and enhancement strategies for non-Newtonian fluids in MCRs. In this study, the micromixing efficiency in MCRs was experimentally investigated using CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose sodium) aqueous solution to simulate a non-Newtonian fluid, and the enhanced mechanism of micromixing efficiency by the addition of internals and rotation was analyzed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The results show that in the conventional channel, increasing the flow rate improves the micromixing efficiency when the CMC concentration is low. However, when the CMC concentration is higher, the higher the flow rate, the lower the micromixing efficiency. The highest micromixing efficiency is obtained for the rotationally coupled inner components, followed by the single rotation and the lowest is for the internals only. CFD simulations reveal that the most effective way to improve the micromixing efficiency of non-Newtonian fluids with shear-thinning behavior is to increase the shear force in the reactor, which effectively reduces the apparent viscosity. These results provide the theoretical foundation for enhancing the micromixing process of non-Newtonian fluids in small-size reactors.

Weak cementation between natural gas hydrates and mud–sand seriously affects the solid-fluidized mining of natural gas hydrates. In this study, we analyze the debonding of natural gas hydrate sediment (NGHS) particles by applying the principle of spiral-cyclone coupling separation. To achieve this, weakly cemented NGHS particle and mechanical models were established. In the flow field of the spiral-cyclone flow-coupling separator, the motion characteristics of the weakly cemented NGHS particles and the destruction process of the cementation bond were analyzed. The destruction of the bonds mainly occurred in the spiral channel, and the destruction efficiency of the bonds was mainly affected by the rotational speed. Collision analysis of the particles and walls showed that when the velocity is 10–16 m·s^-1, the cementation bond can be broken. The greater the speed, the better the effect of the bond fracture. The breaking rate of the cementation bonds was 85.7%. This study is significant for improving the degumming efficiency in natural gas hydrate exploitation, improving the recovery efficiency of hydrates, and promoting the commercialization of hydrate solid fluidization exploitation.

Herein, PtO-supported GdFeO₃ (PtO/GdFeO₃) composite photocatalysts were synthesized by a solution-based technique. Extensive analysis using various analytical instruments has shown that PtO plays a crucial function in augmenting the visible light absorption capacity of composites. Better photogenerated charge carrier transport was credited with this improvement, which led to a decrease in bandgap energy as low as 2.14 eV. The PtO/GdFeO₃ nanocomposites showed remarkable photocatalytic activity when exposed to visible light, especially in the conversion of CO₂ into CH₃OH. After 9 h of light, a noteworthy yield of 1550 μmol·g^-1 of methanol was produced, demonstrating maximum efficiency at a dose of 2.0 g·L^-1 and a concentration of 5.0% PtO/GdFeO₃. This yield indicates the effectiveness of the heterostructure, which outperformed pristine GdFeO₃ by a factor of 7.85. This significant enhancement highlights the potential advantages of the modified structure in improving performance. Most significantly, the photocatalyst's durability maintained 98.0% of its initial efficacy throughout five cycles. The success of PtO/GdFeO₃ is largely due to the synergistic light absorption capabilities and enhanced photocharge carrier separation that the integration of PtO produced. It highlights the conversion of CO₂ into valuable chemicals under visible light exposure, as well as the promise of mixed oxide nanostructures in ecologically responsible material creation.

Emergency resources play a vital role in the emergency rescue process. The adequate and timely supply of emergency resources can effectively control the development of accidents and reduce accident losses. However, the current emergency resource allocation of chemical enterprises lacks scientific analysis of accident scenarios, and the individual allocation method of enterprises increases the cost of emergency resource allocation. Given the above problems, this paper proposes a regional collaborative allocation method of emergency resources for enterprises within the chemical industry park (CIP) based on the worst credible accident scenario (WCAS). Firstly, the concept and analysis method of the WCAS is proposed. Then, based on the characteristics and consequences of the accident, the mapping relationship between accident scenarios and emergency resources is established. Finally, an optimization model for regional collaborative allocation of emergency resources is constructed to determine the amount of emergency resource allocation for each enterprise. Through the case study, the emergency resource allocation method based on the WCAS analysis can better meet the demands of accident emergency rescue. Simultaneously, the regional collaborative allocation optimization model can strengthen the cooperation ability among enterprises, greatly reducing the cost of emergency resource allocation for each enterprise.

In this study, a catalyst was synthesized using a two-step in-situ molecular beam epitaxy method to grow H₄PMo₁₁VO₄₀ (HPAV) on amination-treated SiO₂ nanoparticles, which served as both dopant and host agents. SiO₂ dopant was modified with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTS), facilitating the formation of ammonium ions that enhanced the overall positive charge. This modification enabled the effective dispersion and exposure of HPAV's active species and induced a structural transformation of HPAV from a triclinic to a cubic crystal phase. The two-step hosting growth process optimized the proportions of Cs⁺, H⁺ and NH₄⁺ antinuclear ions, thereby fine-tuning the synergistic catalysis of oxidation and acidity, as well as the oxidative sensitivity at HPAV catalytic interface. The resultant 8(HPAV)&4(Cs₃PAV)-NH₂-SiO₂ catalyst achieved a methacrolein (MAL) conversion rate of 84% and a methacrylic acid (MAA) selectivity of 71%. Even after 10.5 h of reaction time, the catalyst retained its high dispersion, cubic crystal structure, and Keggin configuration, demonstrating stable catalytic performance over a continuous 200-h reaction period.

In real industrial scenarios, equipment cannot be operated in a faulty state for a long time, resulting in a very limited number of available fault samples, and the method of data augmentation using generative adversarial networks for smallsample data has achieved a wide range of applications. However, the current generative adversarial networks applied in industrial processes do not impose realistic physical constraints on the generation of data, resulting in the generation of data that do not have realistic physical consistency. To address this problem, this paper proposes a physical consistency-based WGAN, designs a loss function containing physical constraints for industrial processes, and validates the effectiveness of the method using a common dataset in the field of industrial process fault diagnosis. The experimental results show that the proposed method not only makes the generated data consistent with the physical constraints of the industrial process, but also has better fault diagnosis performance than the existing GAN-based methods.

A series of Au/Co_xFe_3-xO₄ catalysts was synthesized using the sol-deposition method by depositing 2–5 nm Au particles on Fe-doped Co₃O₄. Co₂FeO₄, with a Co/Fe molar ratio of 2:1, exhibited higher specific surface area, Co³⁺/Co²⁺ ratio, and oxygen vacancy content compared to Co₃O₄. As a result, it displayed better performance in CO oxidation, achieving a total conversion temperature (T₁₀₀) of 96 ℃. Au greatly improved the catalytic efficiency of all Co_xFe_3-xO₄ samples, with the 0.2%Au/Co₂FeO₄ catalyst achieving a further decrease in T₁₀₀ to 73 ℃. Stability tests conducted at room temperature on the 1%Au/Co_xFe_3-xO₄ catalysts demonstrated a slowed deactivation rate after Fe-doping. The reaction pathway for CO oxidation catalyzed by Au/Co₂FeO₄ followed the Mars-van Krevelen mechanism.

Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) frequently coexist with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaust gas. The competitive adsorption of SO₂ and VOCs can adversely affect the efficiency of catalytic combustion, leading to catalyst poisoning and irreversible loss of activity. To investigate the impact of sulfur poisoning on the catalysts, we prepared the MnO₂/Beta zeolite, and a corresponding series of sulfur-poisoned catalysts through in-situ thermal decomposition of (NH₄)₂SO₄. The decrease in toluene catalytic activity of poisoned MnO₂/Beta zeolite primarily results from the conversion of the active species MnO₂ to MnSO₄. However, the crystal structure and the porous structure of MnO₂/Beta zeolite were stable, and original structure was still maintained when 1.6% (mass) sulfur species were introduced. Furthermore, the extra-framework Al of Beta zeolite could capture sulfur species to generate Al₂(SO₄)₃, thereby reducing sulfur species from reacting with Mn⁴⁺ active sites. The combination of sulfur and Beta zeolite was found to directly produce new strong-acid sites, thus effectively compensating for the effect of reduced Mn⁴⁺ active species on the catalytic activity.

A combination of experimental and statistical analysis presents a comprehensive understanding of the microwave pyrolysis technique for catalytic deconstruction of mixed-density plastics. By optimizing the process parameters and catalyst selection, it is possible to maximize the production of valuable solid and energy products, contributing to sustainable waste management. In this work, different mixed-density plastics were pyrolyzed with different catalysts and residence times to yield liquid fuel, syngas, and structured carbon residue. The effect of inputs on the product type, yield and composition was statistically evaluated using ANOVA, which showed an F value of 4.108 and a p-value of 0.098 (>1.00). FTIR and GC-MS revealed that the oil product consisted of C₁₃₊ fractions in the form of alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics. The microscopic analysis of the residue confirmed the formation of carbon nanotubes along with other amorphous products. The presence of impurities in the solid product was further analyzed through XRD analysis. The pyrolytic liquid fuel revealed the presence of conjugated aromatic structure and carbonyl group in their concentration. This research demonstrated that converting mixed-density plastics using sodium zeolite, aluminum oxide, and nickel oxide catalysts yields 84% valuable products, confirming wasted plastics as a lucrative energy feedstock for producing hydrogen and high-value carbon compounds.

Temperature is a critical factor influencing the performance of coal catalytic hydrogasification in bubbling fluidized bed gasifiers. Numerical simulations at various temperatures (1023 K, 1073 K, 1123 K, and 1173 K) are conducted to elucidate the mechanisms by which temperature affects bubble size, global reaction performance, and particle-scale reactivity. The simulation results indicate that bubble size increases at elevated temperatures, while H₂-char hydrogasification reactivity is enhanced. Particle trajectory analyses reveal that particles sized between 100 and 250 μm undergo intense char hydrogasification in the dense phase, contributing to the formation of hot spots. To assess the impact of temperature on the particle-scale flow-transfer-reaction process, the dimensionless quantities of Reynolds, Nusselt, and Sherwood numbers, along with the solids dispersion coefficient, are calculated. It is found that higher temperatures inhibit bubble-induced mass and heat transfer. In general, 3 MPa, 1123 K, and 3–4 fluidization numbers are identified as the optimal conditions for particles ranging from 0 to 350 μm. These findings provide valuable insights into the inherent interactions between temperature and gas-particle reaction.

Under the dual-carbon background, the technological updating of traditional high-energy-consuming equipment should not be delayed, and the problem of reactor energy consumption should not be ignored. Therefore, this study is based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) theory to simulate the spiral stirred reactor with different design parameters (distance of paddle from bottom surface to reactor height ratio h₁/H, diameter of stirring paddle to reactor diameter ratio D_s/D, length of blade section to reactor height ratio L_s/H). It was found that the reactor designed with lower L_s/H values and higher h₁/H, D_s/D values would have smaller power number (N_p) values and smaller flow field average velocity. In addition, this study also fitted the correlation equation of Np concerning Reynolds number and h₁/H, D_s/D, and L_s/H, and the conclusions of the study can be used as a reference for the design of industrial equipment.

The removal of H₂S from coke oven gas (COG) is an important issue for the further utilization of COG. Zeolites could be used for industrial desulfurization owing to their high thermal stability and regenerability. However, further analysis on the kinetics of deep desulfurization using zeolites is necessary to provide relevant information for industrial design. In this study, the desulfurization breakthrough curves of faujasite (FAU) zeolite in COG were measured using a fixed bed reactor. The adsorption isotherm was investigated using the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich models. The adsorption saturated capacity of H₂S was inversely related to the temperature. The results show that the Langmuir model best fits the adsorption isotherm with a lower value of root-mean-square-error (RMSE) and Chi-Square (χ²), and the calculated activation energy is 14.62 kJ·mol^-1. The adsorption kinetics were investigated using pseudo-first-order (PFO), pseudo-second-order (PSO), Bangham and Weber-Morris models. The Bangham model fitted the kinetic data well, indicating that pore diffusion is an influential factor in the adsorption process. The Weber-Morris model suggests that the adsorption rate was not solely determined by the pore diffusion, but was also influenced by the active site on the FAU zeolite. The adsorption breakthrough curves under different gas flow rates were fitted using the bed depth service time (BDST) model, and it provides an accurate prediction of the breakthrough time with a small relative error. The results of thermodynamic analysis demonstrated the feasibility and spontaneity (ΔG<0) and exothermic (ΔH<0) nature of the adsorption process of the FAU zeolite for H₂S under COG.

Considering the complexity of plant-wide optimization for large-scale industries, a distributed optimization framework to solve the profit optimization problem in ethylene whole process is proposed. To tackle the delays arising from the residence time for materials passing through production units during the process with guaranteed constraint satisfaction, an asynchronous distributed parameter projection algorithm with gradient tracking method is introduced. Besides, the heavy ball momentum and Nesterov momentum are incorporated into the proposed algorithm in order to achieve double acceleration properties. The experimental results show that the proposed asynchronous algorithm can achieve a faster convergence compared with the synchronous algorithm.

Spontaneous combustion of lignite is closely related to the inherent minerals it contains, and the iron component has a remarkable influence on the combustion property of lignite. It is very important to study the influence of iron component on the combustion reaction property of lignite to reveal autoignition mechanism of lignite and reduce autoignition of lignite. In this research, FeCl₃ and Fe₂O₃ were doped into demineralised lignite (SL⁺) by impregnation to research the effects of iron salts and iron oxides on the combustion properties of lignite. Based on the above, the effects of post-treatment method of the FeCl₃-doped coal samples, iron-salt hydrolysis products and heat-treated temperatures on the combustion property of lignite were researched, and the microstructures of the coal samples were characterised and analysed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results demonstrate that doping with FeCl₃ increases the combustion performance of lignite, thereby reducing the ignition temperature of lignite by approximately 112 ℃. In contrast, doping with Fe₂O₃ has a weaker combustion-promoting effect. XRD and XPS characterisation indicates that iron species in the coal samples doped with iron salts are highly dispersed and exhibit the FeOOH structure, whereas iron species in the coal samples doped with Fe₂O₃ exhibit the crystal form of α-Fe₂O₃. Doping of lignite with FeCl₃ and its hydrolysis product β-FeOOH reduces the ignition temperature of the coal samples. Iron species in the FeCl₃-doped coal samples after heat treatment at 300–500 ℃ increase the combustion property of the coal samples, whereas iron species after heat treatment at 600–900 ℃ have a much weaker or non-existent promoting effect on the combustion performance of the coal samples. The characterisation show a change in iron species in the coal samples with the rise in the heat treatment temperature. This change progresses from highly dispersed β-FeOOH below 300 ℃ to Fe₃O₄ above 400 ℃. Fe₃O₄ is gradually reduced, with part of it further reduced to elementary iron at the same time as grain growth. It is believed that the gradual agglomeration of Fe₃O₄ and the appearance of elementary iron are the main reasons for the weakening or disappearance of the promoting effect on coal combustion.

In the last decade, shell biorefinery, a novel concept referring to the extraction of the main components of crustacean shells and the transformation of each component into valuable products, was proposed and has attracted increasing attentions. Chitin is one of main components of crustacean shells. Owing to the bio-fixed nitrogen element, chitin biomass has been regarded as a good candidate to produce nitrogen-containing chemicals. Among these, 3-acetamido-5-acetylfuran (3A5AF) is an interesting furanic compound derived from the hydrolysis and sequential dehydration of chitin. Similar to cellulose-derived platform chemical 5-hydromethylfurfural (HMF), 3A5AF is an emerging platform compound and also can be converted into various useful chemicals by oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, substitution, and so on. This review showcases the recent advances in the synthesis of 3A5AF from chitin and N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG) employing various catalytic systems. The conversion of 3A5AF into valuable compounds was introduced then. There are still some challenges in this area, for example, the rational design of green and efficient catalytic systems for the synthesis of 3A5AF and its derivatives. The outlooks also were discussed at the end of the review.

N-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP) is an important solvent for the production of lithium batteries, which causes environmental pollution and wastes resources if it is directly discharged. The current commonly used vacuum distillation recovery process suffers from high operating costs and high energy consumption. Therefore, this paper proposes a coupled pervaporation-adsorption (PV-A) process to recover NMP solvents from lithium battery production waste streams. In this process, pervaporation is used to dewater the NMP waste liquid, it was found that the water content in the raw material liquid decreased from the initial 8.3% (mass) to 0.14% (mass) after 400 min of dewatering, but the membrane separation performance decreased significantly when the water content of the raw material liquid decreased to 0.45% (mass), and at the same time, the NMP loss rate increased rapidly. An adsorption process was used to remove trace water from the remaining liquid, and the water content in the feed liquid under the optimal adsorption process conditions was reduced from 0.45% (mass) to 0.014%, which fully meets the purity requirements of electronics-grade NMP for the production of lithium batteries. Steady-state modeling and techno-economic evaluation of the proposed coupled process were carried out, and compared with vacuum distillation and pervaporation technologies, the results showed the PV-A process yielded the best techno-economic performance and the lowest environmental impact, and it can be used as an alternative process to the traditional NMP recycling technology. This study provides a new method for the recycling of NMP in the lithium battery industry.

Industrial ebullated-bed is an important device for promoting the cleaning and upgrading of oil products. The lumped kinetic model is a powerful tool for predicting the product yield of the ebullated-bed residue hydrogenation (EBRH) unit, However, during the long-term operation of the device, there are phenomena such as low frequency of material property analysis leading to limited operating data and diverse operating modes at the same time scale, which poses a huge challenge to building an accurate product yield prediction model. To address these challenges, a data augmentation-based eleven lumped reaction kinetics mechanism model was constructed. This model combines generative adversarial networks, outlier elimination, and L₂ norm data filtering to expand the dataset and utilizes kernel principal component analysis-fuzzy C-means for operating condition partitioning. Based on the hydrogenation reaction mechanism, a single and sub operating condition eleven lumped reaction kinetics model of an ebullated-bed residue hydrogenation unit, comprising 55 reaction paths and 110 parameters, was constructed before and after data augmentation. Compared to the single model before data enhancement, the average absolute error of the sub-models under data enhancement division was reduced by 23%. Thus, these findings can help guide the operation and optimization of the production process.

A lab-scale adiabatic reactor has been self-made to characterize the coupled properties of heat and reactions during the co-thermal-processing of coal and biomass with steam or steam/O₂ gasification agents. Results showed that the synergistic effects caused by heat transfer between corncob and coal at different mixing ratios were heavily determined by coal rank and gasification agent. During steam co-processing, the heat transfer from corncob char to adjacent bituminous coal char promoted the water-gas reaction on coal char and contributed to synergistic effects; the heat transfer from anthracite char to adjacent corncob char reduced the kinetic rate of the water-gas reaction on coal char and contributed to inhibitory effects, and the inhibitory effect caused by heat transfer was greater than the promotion effects of biomass mass transfer. The introduction of O₂ diminished the impact of inter-particle heat transfer and altered the intensity of synergy, decreasing the values of synergy factor of bituminous coal/corncob blends by 17% and increasing the value of synergy factor of anthracite/corncob blends by 142.5%. This study provides sufficient support for the process conditions selection for the production of syngas with specific H₂/CO molar ratios and the desired level of gasification performance.

Fluorosurfactants play a crucial role in ensuring the stability and uniformity of droplet microreactors, which significantly broaden their applications in chemical and biological research. This review covers structure diversity and functional versatility of fluorosurfactants. Fluorosurfactants can be divided into two basic types according to their structure, linear and dendritic types, which both provides individual advantages. Linear fluorosurfactants are easily synthesized and commercially available, whereas dendritic fluorosurfactants have a branched structure that greatly reduces molecular cross-talk between droplets. Based on the application point of view, fluorosurfactants can be further classified into two categories: reactive and responsive fluorosurfactants. The hydrophilic head of reactive fluorosurfactants contains a reactive functional group, making them very useful in other applications, such as microcapsule preparation or protein crystallization. In contrast, responsive fluorosurfactants would change their properties with respect to external stimuli, such as temperature or light, making them perfect candidates for the on-demand control of droplet behavior. Development of these new classes of fluorosurfactants has expanded the capabilities and applications of droplet microreactors that enables interdisciplinary challenges to be solved.