PVC Membrane Selective Electrode for Determination of Cadmium(Ⅱ) Ion in Chocolate Samples

doi:10.1016/S1004-9541(14)60055-0

摘要/Abstract

摘要： Benzil bis(carbohydrazone) (BBC) is prepared and explored as new N—N Schiff's base, which plays the role of an excellent ion carrier in the construction of a Cd(Ⅱ) ion membrane sensor. The tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate best performance corresponds to a membrane composition of 30% poly (vinyl chloride), 65% (TEHP), 3.5% BBC and 1.5% tetradodecyl-ammoniumtetrakis(4-chlorophenyl) borate (ETH 500). This sensor shows very good selectivity and sensitivity towards cadmium ion over a wide variety of cations, including alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metal ions. The effect of membrane composition, selectivity, pH and influence of additive on the response properties of electrode were investigated. The response mechanism was discussed in the view of UV-spectroscopy. The electrode exhibits a Nernstian behavior (with slope of 29.7 mV per decade) over a very wide concentration range from 1.0×10^-1 to 1.0×10^-8 mol·L^-1 with a detection limit of 3.2×10^-8 mol·L^-1. It shows relatively fast response time in whole concentration range (<8 s) and can be used for at least 10 weeks in the pH range of 2.0-9.0. The proposed sensor is successfully used for the determination of cadmium in different chocolate samples and as indicator electrode in titration with ethylene diamine tetraacetate (EDTA).

关键词: benzil bis(carbohydrazone), ionophore, Cd(Ⅱ) ion membrane sensor, selectivity coefficient, additive

Abstract: Benzil bis(carbohydrazone) (BBC) is prepared and explored as new N—N Schiff's base, which plays the role of an excellent ion carrier in the construction of a Cd(Ⅱ) ion membrane sensor. The tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate best performance corresponds to a membrane composition of 30% poly (vinyl chloride), 65% (TEHP), 3.5% BBC and 1.5% tetradodecyl-ammoniumtetrakis(4-chlorophenyl) borate (ETH 500). This sensor shows very good selectivity and sensitivity towards cadmium ion over a wide variety of cations, including alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metal ions. The effect of membrane composition, selectivity, pH and influence of additive on the response properties of electrode were investigated. The response mechanism was discussed in the view of UV-spectroscopy. The electrode exhibits a Nernstian behavior (with slope of 29.7 mV per decade) over a very wide concentration range from 1.0×10^-1 to 1.0×10^-8 mol·L^-1 with a detection limit of 3.2×10^-8 mol·L^-1. It shows relatively fast response time in whole concentration range (<8 s) and can be used for at least 10 weeks in the pH range of 2.0-9.0. The proposed sensor is successfully used for the determination of cadmium in different chocolate samples and as indicator electrode in titration with ethylene diamine tetraacetate (EDTA).

Key words: benzil bis(carbohydrazone), ionophore, Cd(Ⅱ) ion membrane sensor, selectivity coefficient, additive

Sulekh Chandra, Deepshikha Singh, Anjana Sarkar. PVC Membrane Selective Electrode for Determination of Cadmium(Ⅱ) Ion in Chocolate Samples[J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2014, 22(4): 480-488.

Sulekh Chandra, Deepshikha Singh, Anjana Sarkar. PVC Membrane Selective Electrode for Determination of Cadmium(Ⅱ) Ion in Chocolate Samples[J]. Chin.J.Chem.Eng., 2014, 22(4): 480-488.

参考文献

1 Andreescu, S., Sadik, O.A., "Trends and challenges in biochemical sensors for clinical and environmental monitoring", Pure Appl. Chem., 76, 861-878 (2004).

2 Meyerhoff, M.E., Opdyche, M.N., "Ion-selective electrodes", Adv. Clin. Chem., 25, 1-47 (1986).

3 Ganjali, M.R., Razavi, T., Dinarvand, R., Riahi, S., Norouzi, P., "New diltiazem potentiometric membrane sensor stands on theoretical calculations as a useful device for diltiazem hydrochloride analysis in pharmaceutical formulation and urine", Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 3, 1543-1558 (2008).

4 Ganjali, M.R., Tavakoli, M., Faridbod, F., Riahi, S., Norouzi, P., Salavati-Niassari, M., "Interaction study of a new bis-bidentate schiff's base with some metal ions and its application in fabrication of Sm(Ⅲ) potentiometric membrane sensor", Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 3, 1559-1573 (2008).

5 Ganjali, M.R., Memari, Z., Faridbod, F., Norouzi, P., "Samarium microsensor: An asymetric potentiometric membrane sensor", Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 3, 1169-1179 (2008).

6 Gaikwad, D., Shirale, D.J., Savale, P.A., Datta, K., Ghosh, P., Pathan, A.J., Rabbani, G., Shirsat, M.D., "Development of PANI-PVS-GOD electrode by potentiometric method for determination of glucose", Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 2, 488-497 (2007).

7 Beheshti, S.S., Amini, M.K., "A simple and selective flow-injection potentiometric method for determination of iodide based on a coated glassy carbon electrode sensor", Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 2, 778-787 (2007).

8 Zhang, H., Zhang, Z., Li, J., Cai, S., "Effects of Mg²⁺ on supported bilayer lipid membrane on a glassy carbon electrode during membrane formation", Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 2, 788-796 (2007).

9 Codex Alimentarius, Codex General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Foods and Feeds, Codex Stan 193-1995 (2007).

10 Matza, C.J., Krone, P.H., "Cell death, stress-responsive transgene activation, and deficits in the olfactory system of larval zebrafish following cadmium exposure", Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 5143-5148 (2007).

11 Pretto, A., Loro, V.L., Morsch, V.M., Moraes, B.S., Menezes, C., Clasen, B., Hoehne, L., Dressler, V., "Acetylcholinesterase activity, lipid peroxidation, and bioaccumulation in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) exposed to cadmium", Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 58, 1008-1014 (2010).

12 Verougstraete, V., Lison, D., Hotz, P., "Cadmium, lung and prostate cancer: A systematic review of recent epidemiological data", J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B: Crit. Rev., 6, 227-255 (2003).

13 Shamsipur, M., Mashhadizadeh, M.H., "Cadmium ion-selective electrode based on tetrathia-12-crown-4", Talanta, 53, 1065-1071 (2001).

14 Gupta, K.C., d'Arc, M.J., "Cadmium ion-selective electrode based on cyanocopolymer", Electroanalysis, 12, 1408-1413 (2000).

15 Javanbakht, M., Shabanikia, A., Darvich, M.R., Ganjali, M.R., Shamsipur, M., "Cadmium(Ⅱ)-selective membrane electrode based on a synthesized tetrol compound", Anal. Chim. Acta, 408, 75-81 (2000).

16 Gupta, V.K., Chandra, S., Mangla, R., "Dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 as active material in PVC matrix membrane for the fabrication of cadmium selective potentiometric sensor", Electrochim. Acta, 47, 1579-1586 (2002).

17 Rezaei, B., Meghdadi, S., Bagherpour, S., "Cadmium selective PVC-membranes sensor based on 1, 2-bis (quinoline-2-carboxamido)- 4-chlorobenzene as a neutral carrier", Sensors J. IEEE, 8, 1469-1477 (2008).

18 Wardak, C., Marczewska, B., Lenik, J., "An ion-selective electrode with a polymeric membrane containing an active chelating substance", Desalination, 163, 69-75 (2004).

19 Abbas, M.N., Zahran, E., "Novel solid-state cadmium ion-selective electrodes based on its tetraiodo- and tetrabromo-ion pairs with cetylpyridinium", J. Electroanal. Chem., 576, 205-213 (2005).

20 Gupta, V.K., Singh, A.K., Gupta, B., "Schiff bases as cadmium(Ⅱ) selective ionophores in polymeric membrane electrodes", Anal. Chim. Acta, 583, 340-348 (2007).

21 Rezaei, B., Meghdadi, S.,Zarandi, R.F., "A fast response cadmium- selective polymeric membrane electrode based on N,N′-(4-methyl- 1,2-phenylene)diquinoline-2-carboxamide as a new neutral carrier", J. Hazard. Mat., 153, 179-186 (2008).

22 Khan, A.A., Khan, A., "Ion-exchange studies on poly-o-anisidine Sn(IV) phosphate nano composite and its application as Cd(Ⅱ) ion-selective membrane electrode", Cent. Eur. J. Chem., 8, 396-408 (2010).

23 Craggs, A., Moody, G.J., Thomas, J.D.R., "PVC matrix membrane ion-selective electrodes", J. Chem. Educ., 51, 541-544 (1974).

24 Katsu, T., Ido, K., Takaishi, K., Yokosu, H., "Ethanol sensors by using RuO₂-modified Ni electrode", Sens. Actuators B, 87, 331-335 (2002).

25 Guilbault, G.G., Durst, R.A., Frant, M.S., Freiser, H., Hansen, E.H., Light, T.S., Pungor, E., Rechnitz, G., Rice, M.N., Rohm, T.J., Simon, W., Thomas, J.D.R., "Recommendations for nomenclature of ion-selective electrodes", Pure Appl. Chem., 48, 127-132 (1976).

26 Delosa, M., Perez, A., Martin, L.P., Quintana, J.C., Yazdani-Pedram, M., "Influence of different plasticizers on the response of chemical sensors based on polymeric membranes for nitrate ion determination", Sens. Actuators B, 89, 262-268 (2003).

27 Khayatian, G., Shariati, S., Salimi, A., "Thallium(Ⅰ)-selective membrane potentiometric sensor based on dibenzyldiaza-18-crown-6", Bull. Kor. Chem. Soc., 24, 421-426 (2003).

28 Schaller, U., Bakker, E., Spichiger, H.E., Pretsch, E., "Ionic additives for ion-selective electrodes based on electrically charged carriers", Anal. Chem., 66, 391-398 (1994).

29 Hodinar, A., Tyo, A., "Contribution of membrane components to the overall response of anion carrier based solvent polymeric membrane ion-selective electrodes", Anal. Chem., 61, 1169-1171 (1989).

30 Buhlmann, .P, Pretsch, E., Bakker, E., "Carrier-based ion-selective electrodes and bulk optodes. 2. Ionophores for potentiometric and optical sensors", Chem. Rev., 98, 1593-1687 (1998).

31 Yua, S., Li, F., Qin, W., "An all-solid-state Cd²⁺-selective electrode with a low detection limit", Sens. Actuators B, 155, 919-922 (2011).

32 Umezawa, Y., Buhlmann, P., Umezawa, K., Tohda, K., Amemiya, S., "Potentiometric selectivity coefficients of ion-selective electrodes Part I. Inorganic cations", Pure Appl. Chem., 72, 1851-2082 (2000).

33 Chandra, S., Singh, D.R., "Polymeric membrane neodymium(Ⅲ)- selective electrode based on 11,13-diaza-4,7,12-trioxo-2(3),8(9)- dibenzoyl-cyclotetridecane-1,11-diene", Mat. Sci. Eng. A, 502, 107-110 (2009).

34 Gupta, V.K., Jain, A.K., Ludwig, R., Maheshwaria, G., "Electroanalytical studies on cadmium(Ⅱ) selective potentiometric sensors based on t-butyl thiacalix[4]arene and thiacalix[4]arene in poly(vinyl chloride)", Electrochim. Acta, 53, 2362-2368 (2008).

35 Rawat, A., Chandra, S., Sarkar, A., "Highly selective potentiometric oxalate ion sensors based on Ni(Ⅱ) bis-(m-aminoacetophenone) ethylenediamine", Chin. J. Chem., 28, 1140-1146 (2010).

[1]	Shaojun Niu, Guobin Zhu, Kai Wu, Honghe Zheng. The feasibility for natural graphite to replace artificial graphite in organic electrolyte with different film-forming additives[J]. 中国化学工程学报, 2023, 56(4): 58-69.
[2]	Hengyu Shen, Run Zou, Yangtao Zhou, Xing Guo, Yanan Guan, Duo Na, Jinsong Zhang, Xiaolei Fan, Yilai Jiao. Additive manufacturing of sodalite monolith for continuous heavy metal removal from water sources[J]. 中国化学工程学报, 2022, 42(2): 82-90.
[3]	Tong Luo, Shaolong Liu, Cong Luo, Xiaolei Qi, Bowen Lu, Liqi Zhang. Effect of different organic compounds on the preparation of CaO-based CO₂ sorbents derived from wet mixing combustion synthesis[J]. 中国化学工程学报, 2021, 36(8): 157-169.
[4]	Xiaofei Qin, Sen Lei, Xubin Zhang, Chen Cao, Feng Xin, Honglin Chen, Xiaoming Zhang, Yachen Yin, Guilian Wu. Formation kinetics of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers from methylal and trioxane with little water[J]. 中国化学工程学报, 2021, 33(5): 139-146.
[5]	Chaofeng Zhang, Tonglu Zhang, Jing Zhang, Jiandong Zhang, Ruifeng Li. Controllable synthesis of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers by ionic liquids encapsulated in mesoporous SBA-16[J]. 中国化学工程学报, 2021, 32(4): 175-182.
[6]	Mojtaba Masdarian, Asghar Azizi, Zahra Bahri. Mechanochemical sulfidization of a mixed oxide-sulphide copper ore by co-grinding with sulfur and its effect on the flotation efficiency[J]. 中国化学工程学报, 2020, 28(3): 743-748.
[7]	Pengcheng Hu, Jingwei Zheng, Wei Jiang, Lijuan Zhong, Shufeng Zhou. Isomerization of n-pentane catalyzed by amide-AlCl₃-based ionic liquid analogs with various additives[J]. 中国化学工程学报, 2020, 28(1): 152-157.
[8]	M. A. Asidin, E. Suali, T. Jusnukin, F. A. Lahin. Review on the applications and developments of drag reducing polymer in turbulent pipe flow[J]. 中国化学工程学报, 2019, 27(8): 1921-1932.
[9]	Lingyu Wang, Xiaona Li, Yumin Liu, Dandan Han, Shiyuan Liu, Teng Zhang, Bo Yu, Junbo Gong. Insight into the degradation mechanism of cefixime under crystallization condition[J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2018, 26(7): 1458-1467.
[10]	Kibrom Alebel Gebru, Chandan Das. Effects of solubility parameter differences among PEG,PVP and CA on the preparation of ultrafiltration membranes:Impacts of solvents and additives on morphology,permeability and fouling performances[J]. , 2017, 25(7): 911-923.
[11]	Zhuan Yi, Fa-dong Wu, Yong Zhou, Cong-jie Gao. Novel nanofiltration membranes with tunable permselectivity by polymer mediated phase separation in polyamide selective layer[J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2016, 24(11): 1533-1540.
[12]	Hui Li, Kuihua Han, Hongtao Liu, Chunmei Lu. Experimental and Modeling Study on de-NO_x Characteristics of Selective Non-catalytic Reduction in O₂/CO₂ Atmosphere[J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2014, 22(8): 943-949.
[13]	刘海燕, 曹丽媛, 魏宝莹, 范煜, 石冈, 鲍晓军. In-situ Synthesis and Catalytic Properties of ZSM-5/Rectorite Composites as Propylene Boosting Additive in Fluid Catalytic Cracking Process[J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2012, 20(1): 158-166.
[14]	Chun Heng Loh, Rong Wang. Effects of Additives and Coagulant Temperature on Fabrication of High Performance PVDF/Pluronic F127 Blend Hollow Fiber Membranes via Nonsolvent Induced Phase Separation[J]. , 2012, 20(1): 71-79.
[15]	徐程浩, 汪芳, 刘代俊, 陈伟. Effect of Additive EDTA on Crystallization Process of Magnesium Hydroxide Precipitation[J]. , 2010, 18(5): 761-766.