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本期目录
2013年 第21卷 第12期 刊出日期:2013-12-28
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流体力学与传递现象
CFD Simulation of Propane Cracking Tube Using Detailed Radical Kinetic Mechanism
张楠, 邱彤, 陈丙珍
Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2013, 21(12): 1319-1331. doi:
10.1016/S1004-9541(13)60619-9
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多维度评价
In the radiant section of cracking furnace, the thermal cracking process is highly coupled with turbulent flow, heat transfer and mass transfer. In this paper, a three-dimensional simulation of propane pyrolysis reactor tube is performed based on a detailed kinetic radical cracking scheme, combined with a comprehensive rigorous computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. The eddy-dissipation-concept (EDC) model is introduced to deal with turbulence-chemistry interaction of cracking gas, especially for the multi-step radical kinetics. Considering the high aspect ratio and severe gradient phenomenon, numerical strategies such as grid resolution and refinement, stepping method and relaxation technique at different levels are employed to accelerate convergence. Large scale of radial nonuniformity in the vicinity of the tube wall is investigated. Spatial distributions of each radical reaction rate are first studied, and made it possible to identify the dominant elementary reactions. Additionally, a series of operating conditions including the feedstock feed rate, wall temperature profile and heat flux profile towards the reactor tubes are investigated. The obtained results can be used as scientific guide for further technical retrofit and operation optimization aiming at high conversion and selectivity of pyrolysis process.
过程系统工程与过程安全
Pinch Location of the Hydrogen Network with Purification Reuse
刘桂莲, 黎浩, 冯霄, 邓春
Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2013, 21(12): 1332-1340. doi:
10.1016/S1004-9541(13)60637-0
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多维度评价
In the hydrogen network with the minimum hydrogen utility flow rate, the pinch appears at the point with zero hydrogen surplus, while the hydrogen surpluses of all the other points are positive. In the hydrogen purity profiles, the pinch can only lie at the sink-tie-line intersecting the source purity profile. According to the alternative distribution of the negative and positive regions, the effect of the purification to the hydrogen surplus is analyzed. The results show that when the purification is applied, the pinch point will appear neither above the purification feed nor between the initial pinch point and the purification feed, no matter the purification feed lies above or below the initial pinch point. This is validated by two case studies.
A New Optimal Control System Design for Chemical Processes
丛二丁, 胡明慧, 涂善东, 邵惠鹤
Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2013, 21(12): 1341-1346. doi:
10.1016/S1004-9541(13)60642-4
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多维度评价
Based on frequency response and convex optimization, a novel optimal control system was developed for chemical processes. The feedforward control is designed to improve the tracking performance of closed loop chemical systems. The parametric model is not required because the system directly utilizes the frequency response of the loop transfer function, which can be measured accurately. In particular, the extremal values of magnitude and phase can be solved according to constrained quadratic programming optimizer and convex optimization. Simulation examples show the effectiveness of the method. The design method is simple and easily adopted in chemical industry.
Consequence Identification for Maloperation in Batch Process
张玉良, 张贝克, 马昕, 曹柳林, 吴重光
Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2013, 21(12): 1347-1359. doi:
10.1016/S1004-9541(13)60620-5
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Batch processes are important in chemical industry, in which operators usually play a major role and hazards may arise by their inadvertent acts. In this paper, based on hazard and operability study and concept of qualitative simulation, an automatic method for adverse consequence identification for potential maloperation is proposed. The qualitative model for production process is expressed by a novel directed graph. Possible operation deviations from normal operating procedure are identified systematically by using a group of guidewords. The proposed algorithm is used for qualitative simulation of batch processes to identify the effects of maloperations. The method is illustrated with a simple batch process and a batch reaction process. The results show that batch processes can be simulated qualitatively and hazards can be identified for operating procedures including maloperations. After analysis for possible plant maloperations, some measures can be taken to avoid maloperations or reduce losses resulted from maloperations.
化工热力学
Correlating and Predicting the Solubilities of Solid
n
-Alkanes in Supercritical Ethane Using Carnahan-Starling-van der Waals Model
李红茹, 李淑芬, 沈炳谦
Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2013, 21(12): 1360-1369. doi:
10.1016/S1004-9541(13)60635-7
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多维度评价
The solubilities of some solid
n
-alkanes in supercritical ethane were correlated and predicted in this paper using the Carnahan-Starling-van der Waals model with a density-dependent parameter of
a
12
. At a given temperature, the linear fit of the parameter of
a
12
and the density of the supercritical solvent was used for solubility correlation, resulting in an average absolute average relative deviation (AARD) of 8.68%, which was between the values of the semiempirical models and the other compressed gas models used in this article. In the linear fit of the parameter of
a
12
and the density of the solvent, the regressed slope
m
and intercept
n
of the linear fit can be correlated with the carbon atom number of solid
n
-alkanes and then the solubilities of solid
n
-alkanes in supercritical ethane can be predicted with the intercept
n
and slope
m
. The average AARD in solubility prediction was 26.99%.
Effect of Ionic Liquids on Organic Reactions Based on Activity Coefficients at Infinite Dilution
马征, 董晓霞, 胡玉峰, 张柏松, 徐长英, 刘艳升
Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2013, 21(12): 1370-1375. doi:
10.1016/S1004-9541(13)60640-0
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多维度评价
It is important to know how ILs (ionic liquids) influence organic reaction. In this paper, activity coefficients at infinite dilution of more than 80 organic compounds in ILs are collected and analyzed systematically. Through the study on typical organic reactions happened in ILs, such as Diels-Alder, esterification and Friedel-Crafts reaction, the ratio of activity coefficients at infinite dilution of products and reactants is employed to estimate different effects of different structural ILs on the rate and selectivity of reactions.
生物技术与生物工程
Lipase-catalyzed Synthesis of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester in Ionic Liquids:Effect of Specific Ions and Reaction Parameters
王俊, 李晶, 张磊霞, 顾双双, 吴福安
Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2013, 21(12): 1376-1385. doi:
10.1016/S1004-9541(13)60563-7
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Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is a rare, naturally occurring phenolic food additive. This work systematically reported fundamental data on conversion of caffeic acid (CA), yield of CAPE, and reactive selectivity during the lipase-catalyzed esterification process of CA and phenylethanol (PE) in ionic liquids (ILs). Sixteen ILs were selected as the reaction media, and the relative lipase-catalyzed synthesis properties of CAPE were measured in an effort to enhance the yield of CAPE with high selectivity. The results indicated that ILs containing weakly coordinating anions and cations with adequate alkyl chain length improved the synthesis of CAPE. [Emim][Tf
2
N] was selected as the optimal reaction media. The optimal parameters were as follows by response surface methodology (RSM): reaction temperature, 84.0 ℃; mass ratio of Novozym 435 to CA, 14:1; and molar ratio of PE to CA, 16:1. The highest reactive selectivity of CAPE catalyzed by Novozym 435 in [Emim][Tf
2
N] reached 64.55% (CA conversion 98.76% and CAPE yield 63.75%, respectively). Thus, lipase-catalyzed esterification in ILs is a promising method suitable for CAPE production.
能源、资源与环境技术
Cathodic Hydrogen as Electron Donor in Enhanced Reductive Dechlorination
张瑞玲, 路晓霞, Danny D. Reible, 焦刚珍, 秦松岩
Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2013, 21(12): 1386-1390. doi:
10.1016/S1004-9541(13)60639-4
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In situ capping is an attractive and cost-effective method for remediation of contaminated sediments, but few studies on enhancing contaminant degradation in sediment caps have been reported, especially for chlorinated benzenes. Electrically enhanced bioactive barrier is a new process for in situ remediation for reducible compounds in soil or sediments. The primary objective of this study is to determine if electrodes in sediment could create a redox gradient and provide electron acceptor/donor to stimulate degradation of chlorinated contaminant. The results demonstrate that graphite electrodes lead to sustainable evolution of hydrogen, displaying zero-order kinetics in the initial stages with different voltages. The constant rates of hydrogen evolution at 3, 4, and 5 V are 1.05, 2.54, and 4.3 nmol·L
-
1
·d
-
1
, respectively. Even higher voltage can produce more hydrogen, but it could not keep long time because the over potentials on electrode surfaces prevent its function. The study shows that 4 V is more appropriate for hydrogen evolution. The measured and evaluated concentration of 1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene in pore water of sediment and concentration of sulfate show that dechlorination is inhibited at higher concentration of sulfate.
Comparative Study of the Modification of Coal Tar Pitch for Higher Carbonization Yield and Better Properties
张文娟, 李铁虎, 卢萌, 侯翠岭
Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2013, 21(12): 1391-1396. doi:
10.1016/S1004-9541(13)60634-5
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多维度评价
Parent coal tar pitch (CTP) was modified with boric acid (BA), cinnamaldehyde (CMA) and the mixture of BA and CMA, respectively. The parent CTP and three modified CTPs were characterized by elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The four samples were carbonized at different temperatures and resultant carbonized products were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and polarized-light microscopy. The results show that the morphologies and carbonization behaviors of the parent CTP and modified CTPs are quite different. The carbonization yield of the CTP modified with the mixture of BA and CMA is higher than that of CTP modified with BA or CMA only. In addition, the modification of CTP with 7 g of BA and 10 ml of CMA results in an increase in carbonization yield by 5.64%. During the pyrolysis of modified CTPs, the dehydration of BA or the distillation of CMA occurs at the temperature lower than 300 ℃, and methyl and methylene groups of the modified CTPs disappear gradually as temperature rises. Furthermore, the modification of CTP by the mixture of BA and CMA results in more intensive mesophase spheres than other modified CTPs, and the modified CTP is easier to be carbonized to form graphitic carbon.
材料与产品工程
Electrodeposition Behavior of Nickel from a Low Temperature Urea-molten Salt
张启波, 华一新
Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2013, 21(12): 1397-1403. doi:
10.1016/S1004-9541(13)60641-2
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多维度评价
The electrodeposition behavior of nickel at glassy carbon (GC) and stainless steel (SS) electrodes in low temperature urea-acetamide-NaBr-KBr melt was investigated using cyclic voltammetry, chrono-amperometric current-time transients and scanning electron microscopy. Cyclic voltammograms and dimensionless chronoamperometric current-time transients analysis show that the electrodeposition of nickel is an irreversible process and proceeds
via
three-dimensional progressive nucleation with diffusion-controlled growth on both GC and SS substrates. Scanning electron microscopic analysis indicates the nickel deposits obtained on SS electrode are generally uniform, dense, and adherent to the substrate with rounded crystallites in the nanometer size regime. It is also found that the crystal structure of the electrodeposited nickel is independent on the deposition potential. The nickel deposits produced from the melt at higher cathodic potential exhibit larger grain size.
Synthesis of ε-Caprolactone by Oxidation of Cyclohexanone with Monoperoxysuccinic Acid
陈建, 赵小双, 张光旭, 陈波, 蔡卫权
Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2013, 21(12): 1404-1409. doi:
10.1016/S1004-9541(13)60643-6
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In the absence of catalyst, 70% hydrogen peroxide was used to oxidize succinic anhydride to solid monoperoxysuccinic acid (PSA). Then PSA was applied to synthesis of ε-caprolactone (ε-CL) by oxidation of cyclohexanone in the heterogeneous system. In order to achieve material recycle, solid precipitated in the process of synthesizing ε-CL was dehydrated
via
reactive distillation followed by recrystallization to prepare succinic anhydride, which was characterized by IR (infrared spectra) and
1
HNMR (
1
H nuclear magnetic resonance). Effects of molar ratio of PSA to cyclohexanone, acetic acid dosage, reaction temperature, reaction time on conversion of cyclohexanone, yield and selectivity of ε-CL were investigated respectively. The results indicated that conversion of cyclohexanone, yield and selectivity of ε-CL were upto 98.1%, 97.5% and 99.4% respectively under the optimal conditions. In addition, in the process of synthesizing succinic anhydride, the optimal yield of succinic anhydride reached 67.4%.
In
-
situ
Polymerization-modification Process and Foaming of Poly(ethylene terephthalate)
仲华, 奚桢浩, 刘涛, 赵玲
Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2013, 21(12): 1410-1418. doi:
10.1016/S1004-9541(13)60543-1
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多维度评价
Most of traditional linear poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) resins of relatively low molecular mass and narrow molecular mass distribution have low melt strength at foaming temperatures, which are not enough to support and keep cells. An
in
-
situ
polymerization-modification process with esterification and polycondensation stages was performed in a 2 L batch stirred reactor using pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) or pentaerythritol (PENTA) as modifying monomers to obtain PETs with high melt strength. The influence of amounts of modifying monomers on the properties of modified PET was investigated. It was found that the selected modifying monomers could effectively introduce branched structures into the modified PETs and improve their melt strength. With increasing the amount of the modifying monomer, the melt strength of the modified PET increased. But when the amount of PENTA reached 0.35% or PMDA reached 0.9%, crosslinking phenomenon was observed in the modified PET. Supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO
2
) was employed as physical foaming agent to evaluate the foaming ability of modified PETs. The modified PETs had good foaming properties at 14 MPa of CO
2
pressure with foaming temperature ranging from 265 ℃ to 280 ℃. SEM micrographs demonstrated that both modified PET foams had homogeneous cellular structures, with cell diameter ranging from 35 μm to 49 μm for PENTA modified PETs and 38 μm to 57 μm for PMDA modified ones. Correspondingly, the cell density had a range of 3.5×10
7
cells·cm
-
3
to 7×10
6
cells·cm
-
3
for the former and 2.8×10
7
cells·cm
-
3
to 5.8×10
6
cells·cm
-
3
for the latter.
Antibacterial Properties of Novel Bacterial Cellulose Nanofiber Containing Silver Nanoparticles
杨加志, 刘晓丽, 黄立勇, 孙东平
Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2013, 21(12): 1419-1424. doi:
10.1016/S1004-9541(13)60636-9
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多维度评价
In this work, we describe a novel facile method to prepare long one-dimensional hybrid nanofibers by using hydrated bacterial cellulose nanofibers (BCF) as a template. Silver (Ag) nanoparticles with an average diameter of 1.5 nm were well dispersed on BCF
via
a simple
in situ
chemical-reduction between AgNO
3
and NaBH
4
at a relatively low temperature. A growth mechanism is proposed that Ag nanoparticles are uniformly anchored onto BCF by coordination with BC-containing hydroxyl groups. The bare BCF and as-prepared Ag/BCF hybrid nanofibers were characterized by several techniques including transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analyses, and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectra. The antibacterial properties of Ag/BCF hybrid nanofibers against
Escherichia coli
(
E
.
coli
,
Gram
-
negative
) and
Staphylococcu saureus
(
S
.
saureus
,
Gram
-
positive
) bacteria were evaluated by using modified Kirby Bauer method and colony forming count method. The results show that Ag nanoparticles are well dispersed on BCF surface
via
in situ
chemical-reduction. The Ag/BCF hybrid nanofiber presents strong antibacterial property and thus offers its candidature for use as functional antimicrobial agents.
研究简报
Influence of Nitric Acid Concentration on Characteristics of Olive Stone Based Activated Carbon
Nouha Soudani, Souad Souissi-najar, Abdelmottaleb Ouederni
Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2013, 21(12): 1425-1430. doi:
10.1016/S1004-9541(13)60638-2
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多维度评价
In this work we investigated the effect of nitric acid concentration on the pore structure, surface chemistry and liquid phase adsorption of olive stone based activated carbon prepared by mixing process using phosphoric acid and steam as activating agents. Chemicals and textural characterization show that the increase of HNO
3
concentration increases considerably the total acidic groups but decreases specific surface area and pore volume. The study of adsorption in aqueous solutions of two organics, phenol and methylene blue, on raw and oxidized activated carbon indicates that the treatment of mixed activated carbon with different concentrations of nitric acid improves the adsorbent capacity for methylene blue at HNO
3
concentrations less or equal to 2 mol·L
-
1
, while it has a negative effect on phenol adsorption.
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1982年创刊 月刊
主编:费维扬
执行主编:骆广生
主管:中国科学技术协会
主办:中国化工学会/化学工业出版社有限公司
ISSN: 1004-9541
CN: 11-3270/TQ
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